Question 1

A number of criticisms of the General Theory of crime remain unanswered. Identify and discuss the implications of these unanswered criticisms.

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Question 2

Adolescent-limiteds begin offending at a very young age. Even before delinquent activities begin, they typically have serious behavioral problems.

Accepted Answer

Adolescent-limited offenders typically begin offending during puberty and their delinquent behavior does not usually extend into adulthood, unlike life-course-persistent offenders who begin offending at a very young age and often display serious behavioral problems early in life.

Question 3

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of the environment.

Accepted Answer

Gottfredson and Hirschi argue in their General Theory of Crime that low self-control is primarily a result of inadequate parenting and care during childhood, rather than a direct function of the environment.

Question 4

Explain latent traits. What is an example of a latent trait?

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Question 5

Research evaluations indicate that the most promising multicomponent crime and substance-abuse prevention programs for youths, especially those at high risk, are aimed at improving their developmental skills.

Accepted Answer

Research supports that multicomponent prevention programs for youths, focusing on improving their developmental skills, are promising for reducing crime and substance abuse among high-risk youths.

Question 6

Explain and discuss the general principles of the life course theory.

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Question 7

Explain why age of onset is such an important factor in predicting future criminal involvement.

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Question 8

Fast Track is designed to prevent serious antisocial behavior and related adolescent problems in high-risk children entering high school.

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Question 9

The covert pathway involves aggressive acts that escalate from annoying others and bullying, to physical fighting, and later to violence.

Accepted Answer

The covert pathway describes acts that are hidden or secretive, such as lying and stealing, rather than openly aggressive behaviors that escalate to violence.

Question 10

What are the three pathways to crime identified by Loeber? Explain each of them.

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Question 11

Children of high-risk families usually enter the education process poorly prepared for its social, emotional, and cognitive demands

Accepted Answer

Children of high-risk families, such as those experiencing poverty, neglect, or abuse, often face challenges that can impact their readiness and ability to thrive in school. These challenges can include a lack of access to quality early childhood education, inadequate nutrition and healthcare, and exposure to stressors that can negatively affect their social, emotional, and cognitive development. As a result, these children may struggle to keep up with their peers and require additional support and resources to succeed in the education process.

Question 12

Explain the difference between "adolescent-limited" and "life course-persistent" offenders. What are the differences between the offense patterns for two pathway groups?

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Question 13

Over time, aggressive and disruptive children are rejected by families and peers and tend to receive less support from teachers.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that aggressive and disruptive children are more likely to be rejected by their families and peers, and receive less social support from teachers as they may be seen as difficult to manage and disruptive to the classroom environment.

Question 14

How can the process of aging out be explained?

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Question 15

Adolescent-limiteds may be considered "typical teens" who get into minor scrapes and engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with friends. As they reach their mid-teens, adolescent-limited delinquents begin to mimic the antisocial behavior of more troubled teens, only to reduce the frequency of their offending as they mature (until the age of 18).

Accepted Answer

Adolescent-limited delinquents engage in minor delinquency during their teenage years but eventually decrease their offending behavior as they mature. This is a common pattern seen among many teenagers, making them "typical teens."

Question 16

Discuss the factors that comprise problem behavior syndrome (PBS) and the association between PBS and crime.

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Question 17

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, explain how impulsivity, poor self-control, and crime are associated.

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Question 18

Discuss the history of development theory.

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Question 19

Policy-based initiatives based on premises of developmental theory typically feature multisystemic treatment efforts.

Accepted Answer

Policy-based initiatives that draw on developmental theory often emphasize the importance of addressing multiple systems (e.g., family, school, community) in order to promote healthy development and prevent negative outcomes. This is sometimes referred to as a multisystemic approach to intervention.

Question 20

Discuss the policy-based initiatives that have been developed using the premises of developmental theory. What elements or aspects of developmental theory do these initiatives address?

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Quiz 9: Developmental Theories Life Course Latent Trait and Trajectory