Question 1

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. 
Charles I

Accepted Answer

Charles I was a monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from March 27, 1625, until his execution on January 30, 1649. He was born on November 19, 1600, to King James VI of Scotland (who later became James I of England) and Anne of Denmark. Charles I is a significant figure in British history due to his role in the events that led to the English Civil War, his conflict with Parliament, and his subsequent trial and execution, which temporarily abolished the monarchy in England.

Charles I's reign was marked by religious and political strife. He married Henrietta Maria of France, a Catholic, which made him unpopular in Protestant England. His belief in the divine right of kings, which held that the monarch was subject to no earthly authority and that the right to rule was directly from the will of God, put him at odds with the increasingly powerful English Parliament.

The king's attempt to impose Anglican religious practices upon his Presbyterian subjects in Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars in 1639 and 1640, which were precursors to the wider conflict known as the English Civil War. The war was fought between the Royalists, or Cavaliers, who supported the king, and the Parliamentarians, or Roundheads, who sought a parliamentary monarchy with limitations on the king's power.

The first phase of the English Civil War (1642–1646) ended with Charles's defeat. He was captured, escaped, and was recaptured. The second phase (1648–1649) ended with his trial for treason and other high crimes. The trial was controversial, as it challenged the long-held doctrine of royal sovereignty. Charles I was found guilty and was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. His death warrant was signed by 59 commissioners, including Oliver Cromwell, who would later become the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England.

The execution of Charles I was a watershed moment in British history. It led to the period known as the Interregnum (1649–1660), during which England was a republic. The monarchy was restored in 1660 with Charles's son, Charles II, taking the throne. The legacy of Charles I's reign and his conflicts with Parliament influenced the political landscape of Britain and the development of the constitutional monarchy that exists today.

Question 2

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. 
Typhoid fever and malaria

Accepted Answer

Typhoid fever and malaria are both infectious diseases that have had significant impacts on human history.

Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and is transmitted through contaminated food and water. It is characterized by high fever, weakness, stomach pains, and in severe cases, can lead to intestinal perforation and death. The significance of typhoid fever is that it has been a major cause of illness and death throughout history, particularly in crowded and unsanitary conditions. One of the most famous cases of typhoid fever was the outbreak in New York City in 1906, where Mary Mallon, also known as "Typhoid Mary," was identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the disease and was responsible for infecting numerous people.

Malaria, on the other hand, is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. It is characterized by recurring fevers, chills, and flu-like symptoms. Malaria has had a significant impact on human history, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, where it has been a major cause of illness and death. It has also had a significant impact on global health and economic development, particularly in regions where it is endemic.

Both typhoid fever and malaria have been the focus of significant public health efforts to control and prevent their spread, including the development of vaccines, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent mosquito bites. These efforts have led to significant reductions in the burden of both diseases, but they continue to be significant public health challenges in many parts of the world.

Question 3

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. 
Third Anglo-Powhatan War

Accepted Answer

The Third Anglo-Powhatan War was a conflict between the English settlers of the Virginia Colony and the Powhatan Confederacy in the years 1644-1646. The war was sparked by tensions between the two groups, including disputes over land and resources, as well as cultural and religious differences.

The significance of the Third Anglo-Powhatan War lies in its impact on the Powhatan Confederacy. The war resulted in a decisive English victory, leading to the further expansion of the Virginia Colony and the eventual displacement and marginalization of the Powhatan people. After the war, many Powhatan tribes were forced to sign treaties with the English, ceding their land and autonomy in exchange for protection and trade opportunities.

The Third Anglo-Powhatan War marked a turning point in the history of the Powhatan Confederacy, as it ultimately led to the decline of their power and influence in the region. It also contributed to the broader pattern of European colonization and Native American displacement in North America.

Question 4

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. 
Lord Baltimore, Maryland Colony

Accepted Answer