Question 1

Angry moods tend to lead to increased aggression because ____.

Accepted Answer

Angry people may believe that expressing their anger through aggression will release their tension and improve their mood. This belief can lead to increased aggressive behavior.

Question 2

The proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

The proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" is the exact definition of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Question 3

Are humans instinctively violent? It would be most accurate to say that ____.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that humans have some natural tendency towards aggression and violence, but this can be greatly impacted by societal factors such as upbringing, culture, and media influences. Therefore, while humans are not purely nonviolent, they are not innately predisposed towards extreme levels of aggression either.

Question 4

Research suggests that people often learn to behave in particular ways based on modeling (observing and copying others' behaviors). Which statement best describes how aggressive and nonaggressive models work?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that both aggressive and nonaggressive models can have an impact on people's behavior. Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior, while nonaggressive models can decrease it. Therefore, option B best describes how both types of models work.

Question 5

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was based on ____.

Accepted Answer

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was heavily influenced by Freud's theories about aggression, which posited that aggression is an instinctive response to frustration.

Question 6

As discussed in the text, the Freudian theory of aggression ____.

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that the Freudian theory of aggression needs a major overhaul, indicating that it is not a reliable or accurate description of aggression.

Question 7

Jayson is walking down a busy sidewalk, when someone going the opposite direction bumps into him. Jayson thinks the person meant to bump him to be rude. Jayson is most clearly exhibiting the ____.

Accepted Answer

The hostile attribution bias is the tendency to interpret ambiguous behaviors of others as being intentionally hostile, rather than assuming their behavior was accidental or non-intentional. In this case, Jayson assumes the bump was intentional and rude rather than accidental.

Question 8

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research provided support for ____.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research demonstrated that individuals learn through observation and imitation, supporting the social learning theory. The study showed that children who observed an adult behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to behave aggressively towards the doll themselves. This research highlighted the importance of modeling in shaping children's behavior, providing evidence for social learning theory.

Question 9

What will always lead(s)to aggression?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What will always lead(s)to aggression?
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Question 10

Which of the following is a well-known program of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research is a well-known program of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm. The study involved exposing children to an adult model who engaged in aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll, and then observing the children's behavior towards the same doll. The results showed that children who observed the aggressive model were more likely to imitate the same behavior towards the doll. The study demonstrated the role of observation and modeling in the acquisition of aggressive behavior.

Question 11

Olivia watches several pornographic films and then-without even realizing it-imitates some of the behaviors from the films when she is with her boyfriend. The social learning process at play here is called ____.

Accepted Answer

Modeling involves learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. In this scenario, Olivia observed behaviors in pornographic films and imitated them with her boyfriend, indicating the social learning process of modeling.

Question 12

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively ____.

Accepted Answer

Research on social learning theory, particularly Bandura's studies, indicates that people can learn aggressive behaviors through observation of aggressive models, regardless of whether the model is live or filmed, and regardless of whether the model's target is a real person or a doll.

Question 13

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, what happens?

Accepted Answer

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, they show a decrease in prosocial behaviors and an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors. This is due to the fact that people often imitate the behavior of those around them, particularly when those behaviors are rewarded or seen as socially acceptable. When aggression is modeled, it becomes more accepted and normalized, leading to an increase in aggressive behavior. Additionally, exposure to aggression can desensitize individuals to its negative effects and lead to a decrease in prosocial behaviors. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 14

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things-by direct experience and by observing others.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory (or observational learning) suggests that people learn to behave aggressively by directly experiencing aggression themselves or by observing others behaving aggressively, and then imitating that behavior. The other options do not specifically address the learning of aggressive behavior through observation and imitation.

Question 15

Tina watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants. Later that day, Tina yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants. The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.

Accepted Answer

The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is modeling, where an individual learns and imitates the behavior of others, especially those they consider as models or perceived to be successful or admired. In this case, Tina watched the film character behave in a certain way and then imitated that behavior when she found herself in a similar situation.

Question 16

What does the text conclude about the human "instinct" for aggression?

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that while humans do have an instinct for aggression, cultural factors can help to reduce and curb that aggression. This is seen in examples like the decline of violence over time in societies and the effect of parenting on children's behavior. Therefore, option D is the most appropriate choice.

Question 17

Jayson accidentally bumped into a guy as he was walking down the street. He anticipates that the fellow will assume the "bump" was purposeful and will react aggressively. Jayson is exhibiting the ____ bias.

Accepted Answer

Jayson is exhibiting the hostile expectation bias, as he is anticipating that the fellow will react aggressively even though the bump was accidental. This bias involves expecting negative outcomes or aggressive behavior from others in ambiguous situations.

Question 18

What do most experts today say about the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Most experts today agree that frustration and aggression are strongly linked, but they disagree with the idea that one always involves the other. In other words, frustration can often lead to aggression, but it is not the only cause of aggression, and not all instances of frustration lead to aggressive behavior.

Question 19

As defined by Freud, the term thanatos refers to ____.

Accepted Answer

Thanatos, as defined by Freud, refers to a destructive or death instinct, which he believed was inherent in all individuals and opposed to the life instinct, Eros. This concept played a significant role in his theory of psychoanalysis. A is incorrect since Thanatos is not just limited to suicidal thinking. C and D are also incorrect since Thanatos is not related to same-sex competitive activity or an aggressive personality type.

Question 20

In the initial conceptualization of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as ____.

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression hypothesis initially defined frustration as the blocking or interfering with a goal, which leads to aggressive behavior.

Quiz 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior