Question 1

Even though he is only 20 days old, Cherokee appears to be very happy and vocal around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behavior?

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment. Cherokee being happy and vocal around others suggests he has a temperament characterized by high surgency/extraversion, which includes traits like sociability, positive emotionality, and high activity level. This is different from being high in activity level alone (A) or high in negative affect (B), and temperament theory is indeed capable of explaining such behaviors (contrary to D).

Question 2

UNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) collectively estimate that about one in ____ children under age 5 suffers from malnutrition.

Accepted Answer

UNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) estimate that about one in four children under age 5 suffers from malnutrition.

Question 3

Which person is most likely experiencing the most rapid physical growth?

Accepted Answer

Infants, like Jose who is 18 months old, experience more rapid physical growth compared to older children, adolescents, and adults. This period is characterized by rapid growth in height and weight.

Question 4

Which child is most likely to be the shortest?

Accepted Answer

Melissa is most likely to be the shortest because both of her parents are short, suggesting a stronger genetic predisposition for shorter stature.

Question 5

What criterion is used to indicate malnourishment in children under age 5?

Accepted Answer

Malnourishment in children under age 5 is often indicated by their small size for their age, which can include both weight and height measurements. This is a direct result of inadequate nutrition affecting their growth.

Question 6

Maria is a typical healthy 1-year-old who weighs 24 pounds. Which is the best estimate of her birth weight?

Accepted Answer

The average birth weight for a full-term infant is about 7.5 pounds. By the age of 1 year, most babies triple their birth weight. Given that Maria weighs 24 pounds at 1 year, dividing this by 3 gives an estimated birth weight of 8 pounds, which is typical and healthy.

Question 7

Along with an improved diet, research indicates that ____ is also necessary to foster a malnourished child's development.

Accepted Answer

Parent training is necessary to foster a malnourished child's development as it helps caregivers provide the appropriate nutrition and care needed for the child's recovery and growth.

Question 8

Dr. Ramone is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behavior toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. It is most likely that Dr. Ramone is studying

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate aspects of an individual's personality, such as their emotional reactivity, energy levels, and sociability, which aligns with Dr. Ramone's interests in studying babies' behaviors, energy, and emotional responses.

Question 9

Yvette is a malnourished child. If her parents are typical, they will probably

Accepted Answer

Malnourished children often exhibit lethargy due to the lack of energy and nutrients. As a result, parents might interact less with them because they are less responsive and active, not because of a lack of care, but possibly due to misunderstanding the child's needs or feeling helpless in the situation.

Question 10

Why are African American and Native American babies more likely to die from SIDS?

Accepted Answer

African American and Native American babies are more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs, which is a known risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Question 11

Carla is researching temperament by determining the extent to which different babies can focus attention and not be distracted. Which dimension of temperament is Carla assessing?

Accepted Answer

Effortful control is the dimension of temperament that involves the ability to focus and shift attention when desired, control one's behavior, and plan actions thoughtfully. Carla's research on how babies can focus attention and not be distracted directly relates to this dimension.

Question 12

Malnutrition seems to be most damaging if it occurs during

Accepted Answer

Malnutrition during infancy is most damaging because this is a critical period for growth and development, and inadequate nutrition can lead to long-term physical and cognitive impairments.

Question 13

Which statement regarding temperament is false ?

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions, and research has shown that toddlers in Asia often exhibit higher levels of effortful control compared to their counterparts in other regions. This makes the statement that they have less effortful control false.

Question 14

If Zade is shy when he is 2 years old, he is more likely to be ____ when he is 4 years old.

Accepted Answer

Shyness is a personality trait that tends to be stable over time, so if Zade is shy at 2 years old, he is more likely to remain shy at 4 years old.

Question 15

While doing a study of temperament, Dr. Taylor is studying how toddlers react when toys they are playing with are removed from their reach and placed on a high shelf. What dimension of temperament is Dr. Taylor most likely assessing?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Taylor is likely assessing the dimension of temperament related to negative affect, as this involves emotional responses such as frustration or distress, which can be observed when a toy is taken away from toddlers.

Question 16

The "Back to Sleep" campaign was aimed at reducing

Accepted Answer

The "Back to Sleep" campaign, now known as "Safe to Sleep," was aimed at reducing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) by encouraging parents to put their babies to sleep on their backs.

Question 17

Which piece of advice is most appropriate for individuals in developing nations who are considering bottle-feeding?

Accepted Answer

In developing nations, the water used to prepare formula may not be safe or clean, leading to a higher risk of contamination and illness in infants. Breastfeeding, when possible, is often safer and provides additional health benefits to the child.

Question 18

If a baby is breastfed, it is more likely to

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding is associated with easier transition to solid foods due to the exposure to different flavors through breast milk and the development of the baby's mouth and tongue muscles which are used in breastfeeding.

Question 19

Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Julio has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kari is very easily distracted. Julio and Kari differ on which dimension of temperament?

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to the ability to focus and shift attention when desired, control one's behavior, and plan actions thoughtfully. Julio's ability to focus his attention on a task, compared to Kari's ease of distraction, highlights a difference in their effortful control, a key dimension of temperament.

Question 20

Siroun is informed that both of her 1-year-old twin daughters are of "normal" weight. She is then informed that one weighs 16 pounds and the other weighs 26 pounds. How is this possible?

Accepted Answer

The "normal" weight range for 1-year-olds is indeed wide, accommodating a variety of healthy weights due to differences in body composition, growth rates, and genetic factors.

Quiz 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development