Question 1

One-year-old Mathieu is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term best explains why Mathieu is afraid?

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is the process by which infants look to their caregivers for cues on how to react to unfamiliar or threatening situations. Mathieu's fear of the dog after observing his father's fearful reaction is an example of social referencing.

Question 2

Juanita is a typical 6-month-old. How is she most likely to regulate her emotions if she sees a scary object?

Accepted Answer

At 6 months old, infants like Juanita typically regulate their emotions by avoiding stimuli that upset them, such as looking away from a scary object. This is a common self-soothing behavior observed in young infants.

Question 3

You are studying the basic emotions of 11-month-olds from the United States and China. What differences would you expect in how these basic emotions are expressed?

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and parenting styles can influence the expression of emotions in infants. In more collectivist cultures like China, emotional restraint is often valued, leading to less frequent expressions of crying and smiling in infants compared to more individualistic cultures like the United States, where expressiveness is encouraged.

Question 4

One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is the behavior in which a child looks at a caregiver for cues about how to react in unfamiliar or ambiguous situations. Kendra looking at her mother for reassurance before entering the new room is an example of this.

Question 5

Seven-month-old Gavin seems very content being held by his mother. When the new neighbor from across the street comes over to greet Gavin, he turns his head away from the neighbor and starts to cry. What term best explains Gavin's response to the neighbor?

Accepted Answer

Gavin's response is an example of stranger wariness, a common reaction among infants starting around 6 months of age, where they show discomfort or distress in the presence of unfamiliar people.

Question 6

Who has most likely just developed stranger wariness?

Accepted Answer

Stranger wariness typically develops around the age of 6 to 12 months, a period when many babies are learning to crawl. Leon, who just learned to crawl, fits this developmental stage.

Question 7

Children who do not regulate their emotions well

Accepted Answer

Children who struggle with emotional regulation often face difficulties in interacting with their peers, as they may have trouble managing their feelings in social situations, leading to conflicts or misunderstandings.

Question 8

Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of

Accepted Answer

Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are considered complex emotions because they involve a more sophisticated cognitive process, including self-reflection and the evaluation of social norms or rules, unlike basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, and anger, which are more universally recognized and simpler in nature.

Question 9

Who is most likely exhibiting a complex emotion?

Accepted Answer

Complex emotions, such as pride, involve a more intricate cognitive process, including self-reflection and evaluation of one's actions or achievements, which is why Kate, who is proud of her art project, is most likely exhibiting a complex emotion.

Question 10

Research results have provided evidence that the ability to distinguish facial features associated with different emotions first develops as early as ____ of age.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that infants begin to distinguish facial features associated with different emotions around 4 months of age.

Question 11

Dick and Bruce are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likely that Dick and Bruce are involved in

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dick and Bruce are both playing with...

Question 12

According to the textbook, by age 9 reasons for fear typically shift from fear of the dark and fear of imaginary monsters to

Accepted Answer

By age 9, children's cognitive development allows them to understand more complex and realistic concepts, leading to fears that are more grounded in reality, such as concerns about school, health, and personal harm, rather than the more fantastical fears of younger children.

Question 13

Tony is playing with his ball, and Pepper is playing with her doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Tony and Pepper are most likely involved in

Accepted Answer

Parallel play is characterized by children playing independently but near each other, often with an interest in what the other is doing, without direct interaction or cooperation in play activities.

Question 14

We would know that 2-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a response to human interaction. Seeing her mother's face and smiling is an example of Brenda reacting to a social stimulus, indicating a social smile.

Question 15

An increase in heart rate is a ____ manifestation of an emotion.

Accepted Answer

An increase in heart rate is a physiological manifestation of an emotion, as it involves changes in the body's physical state.

Question 16

Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger?

Accepted Answer

Infants can begin to experience basic emotions such as anger from as early as 4 to 6 months. Therefore, Eli, who is 5 months old, would be the most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger.

Question 17

After playing by himself for a while, young Luke smiles when he sees the face of his father. What term best describes this response?

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a response to social stimuli, such as seeing the face of a parent, which typically develops in infants around 6 to 8 weeks of age.

Question 18

When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, "Don't be afraid. There's nothing down here that can hurt you." Apparently, Adam is successfully

Accepted Answer

Adam is regulating his emotions by using self-talk to calm himself down, which is a strategy for managing one's feelings and reactions in a given situation.

Question 19

Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of

Accepted Answer

Complex emotions are distinguished from basic emotions by their requirement for some level of self-awareness or understanding of self. Basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, fear, and anger, are universal and can be experienced without much cognitive processing. In contrast, complex emotions, such as guilt, pride, or jealousy, involve a more sophisticated cognitive appraisal and an understanding of self in relation to others or to societal norms.

Question 20

According to your text, which action would be the most likely cause of anger in a 6-month-old?

Accepted Answer

At 6 months old, babies start to show clear preferences for certain objects and may express frustration or anger when they are unable to reach or are restrained from getting something they want, such as a toy. The other options might cause fear, surprise, or disgust but are less likely to cause anger.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood