Question 1

A gender-schema theorist would be most likely to argue that young children are

Accepted Answer

Gender-schema theory suggests that children actively construct mental schemas (frameworks) about gender based on their observations and experiences. They seek out and interpret information in ways that are consistent with these schemas, thus constantly looking for cues about gender to understand and categorize their own behavior and that of others.

Question 2

Lisa believes that she cannot play football because "I'm a girl, and girls aren't supposed to play football." This belief is most likely an aspect of Lisa's

Accepted Answer

Lisa's belief is related to gender identity, which involves the personal sense of one's own gender and the roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women. Her statement reflects societal norms and expectations about gender roles, indicating how her understanding of her gender influences her perceptions of what activities are appropriate for her.

Question 3

Which quote is most reflective of the use of a gender schema?

Accepted Answer

Gender schema theory suggests that children learn about gender roles and cultural expectations primarily through social interaction and societal norms. Choice B, "Is soccer for boys or for girls?" reflects the use of a gender schema by questioning the gender appropriateness of an activity, indicating an awareness of societal gender norms and roles.

Question 4

After children understand gender, there are changes in their behavior toward more gender-specific preferences. Which preferences do not change during this period of development?

Accepted Answer

Preferences for certain foods generally do not change as a result of children understanding their gender. While preferences for TV programs, toys, and activities often become more gender-specific after children understand gender, their food preferences typically remain unaffected by this realization.

Question 5

With regard to social roles, female activities are typically more

Accepted Answer

Female activities, especially in traditional contexts, are often more solitary, reflecting roles that are centered around domestic responsibilities and caregiving tasks, which can be more isolating compared to some male roles that are more community or outward-facing.

Question 6

On average, boys are ____ than girls.

Accepted Answer

On average, boys tend to perform better at spatial tasks than girls, a difference attributed to both biological and social factors.

Question 7

Katie is upset with her friend Leslie. In order to "get even" with her, she tries to make Leslie's other friends mad at Leslie by making up stories about her. What is this sort of behavior called?

Accepted Answer

This behavior is called relational aggression, which involves harming someone's relationships or social status through manipulation and spreading rumors, rather than physical harm or direct verbal insults.

Question 8

When 3-year-old Juan, who is male, says "I'm going to grow up to be a mommy," he is failing to demonstrate a sense of

Accepted Answer

Juan is failing to demonstrate gender stability, which is the understanding that gender is stable over time. At 3 years old, he may understand gender identity (knowing he is a boy) and gender labeling (being able to label others as boys or girls), but he may not yet grasp that his gender will remain the same throughout his life, hence his statement about growing up to be a mommy.

Question 9

According to Kohlberg, when 3-year-old Sara thinks about herself,

Accepted Answer

At around 3 years old, children like Sara can typically recognize and label themselves as a boy or a girl, which aligns with Kohlberg's stages of gender identity development. However, understanding that sex is stable, that gender does not change over situations and time, and that gender roles are flexible, are concepts that develop later.

Question 10

Which statement is FALSE with regard to gender-schema theory?

Accepted Answer

Gender-schema theory suggests that children learn about gender roles and develop gender-typed behaviors partly through socialization. It does not claim that children who refer to themselves by gender will play less often with gender-stereotyped toys. In fact, it would suggest that children who are aware of their gender are more likely to engage in gender-typical behavior, including playing with gender-stereotyped toys.

Question 11

Tina is a girl who has congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This means that it is more likely that Tina will prefer ____ more than other girls.

Accepted Answer

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a condition that affects the adrenal glands and can lead to an overproduction of male hormones (androgens) in females. This hormonal imbalance has been associated with a preference for more masculine activities in affected girls, compared to their peers without CAH.

Question 12

Billy is a 7-year-old boy who fidgets and pesters the students sitting next to him. Billy's behavior shows low

Accepted Answer

Billy's behavior of fidgeting and pestering other students indicates low effortful control, which is the ability to regulate one's behavior, attention, and emotions, especially in a way that is socially acceptable.

Question 13

Dwight's statement, "I am a boy," is an example of

Accepted Answer

Gender labeling occurs when an individual can label themselves and others as male or female. Dwight's statement, "I am a boy," directly labels his own gender, fitting the definition of gender labeling.

Question 14

Which description of the sex difference in spatial ability is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that, on average, males tend to score higher on certain spatial ability tests than females. However, this does not imply that all males outperform all females; there is considerable overlap between the sexes. Differences in averages do not negate the presence of females with high spatial abilities or males with lower spatial abilities.

Question 15

Which finding is not consistent with research studies of sex differences?

Accepted Answer

Research consistently shows that males are not more likely to comply with the directions of adults compared to females. In fact, studies often find that females are generally more compliant and cooperative in such contexts.

Question 16

As a typical 10-year-old American female, Brianna is more likely to ______ than a same-age male counterpart.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that females tend to be more emotionally expressive than males, a trend that can be observed from a young age. This includes expressing feelings more openly and having a greater ease in identifying and discussing emotions.

Question 17

Ben sees a group of girls playing in the sand and decides that playing in the sand is for girls. Ben's behavior illustrates the concept of _____.

Accepted Answer

Ben's behavior illustrates gender-schema theory, which suggests that children learn about what is considered appropriate behavior for each gender within their culture and adjust their behavior accordingly. In this case, Ben is using his observations to form a schema about gender-appropriate activities.

Question 18

The statement "girls always grow up to be women" provides an example of

Accepted Answer

Gender stability refers to the understanding that one's gender remains the same over time. The statement "girls always grow up to be women" reflects this concept by implying that a girl's gender identity as female will remain constant into adulthood.

Question 19

David is a 5-year-old who knows that he is a boy, and that he is a boy whether he's playing with his toys or his sister's toys. This indicates that David has developed

Accepted Answer

David's understanding that his gender remains constant regardless of activities or behaviors is indicative of gender stability. This is a concept typically grasped during early childhood, reflecting an awareness that one's gender identity is fixed and does not change over time or due to interests and actions.

Question 20

Lexi and Rory have a young daughter and a young son. As typical parents, they most likely treat their children the same except when it comes to

Accepted Answer

Research in developmental psychology suggests that parents often treat sons and daughters differently when it comes to physical play, such as rough-and-tumble activities. This is less about conscious decisions and more about societal norms and unconscious biases regarding gender-appropriate behavior.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood