Question 1

Monkeys who were reared in isolation and were exposed to therapist monkeys:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that monkeys who were reared in isolation and were later exposed to therapist monkeys were able to rehabilitate and learn social skills by interacting and playing with the therapist monkeys.

Question 2

Harlow isolated young rhesus monkeys in empty wire cages.He found these monkeys demonstrated all of the following behaviors EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Harlow's research showed that isolated young monkeys demonstrated expressionless stares, body and head clutching, and rocking back and forth. They did not show extreme sensitivity to others.

Question 3

________ conducted the earliest work systematically exploring nonhuman attachments by examining monkeys under conditions of deprivation.

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow conducted the earliest work systematically exploring nonhuman attachments by examining monkeys under conditions of deprivation.

Question 4

All of the following are true of René Spitz's findings EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

This statement is actually false. Spitz found that the differences between infants raised in the foundling home and the prison nursery were most evident after the first few months of life.

Question 5

Razvan spent his first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a British home.At school, he can be overly friendly with strangers at times but may also be inappropriately unfriendly.Razvan is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Razvan's behavior of being overly friendly with strangers at times is a characteristic of disinhibited attachment, which is often seen in children who have experienced early institutional care, such as time in an orphanage. The inappropriately unfriendly behavior could also be a result of this attachment style, as these children can struggle with forming normal social relationships and may display a lack of selective attachment. This behavior could be seen as a defense mechanism to protect against forming close relationships that may result in separation or abandonment.

Question 6

All of the following are findings of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development did find associations between time spent in day care and both social skills and aggression (A and B), as well as a link between high-quality day care and better linguistic outcomes (D). However, it did not establish a direct relationship between time in day care and higher incidences of psychopathology (C), making this the incorrect statement.

Question 7

A team of researchers examined children who had been in institutions in Russia, in which the facility was very clean and the staff worked to meet the children's physical needs, but children did not receive much close care and support.These researchers found that the children in these institutions:

Accepted Answer

The research showed that children in these institutions demonstrated both cognitive and social problems. Even though the physical needs were met, the lack of close care and support impacted the children's development in these areas.

Question 8

Jose and Juan are cousins and both children are 3 months old.Jose cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than Juan.Which is the most likely outcome based on how the textbook describes the relationship between temperament and attachment?

Accepted Answer

The textbook describes how infants with difficult temperaments have a higher risk of developing an insecure attachment, while infants with easy temperaments have a higher chance of developing a secure attachment. Since Jose is showing signs of a difficult temperament, he is more likely to have an insecure attachment. Therefore, Juan, who shows signs of an easier temperament, is more likely to have a secure attachment.

Question 9

Jean has parents who have intense work demands.She is in day care 50 hours a week and is then picked up by a nanny.Her parents interact with her for only a few hours a day.Which outcome is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Although Jean spends most of her waking hours in day care and with her nanny, research has shown that the quality of attachment to parents is not determined solely by the amount of time spent with them, but rather by the quality of care and interaction when they are together. Given that Jean's parents likely have a few hours a day to interact with her, it is possible for them to establish a secure attachment with her. Therefore, it is most likely that Jean's attachment to her parents is the strongest of all her attachments.

Question 10

A monkey is put in a cage with two surrogate mothers: a wire-frame mother, which supplied milk, and a terry-cloth mother, which supplied no nutrition.The monkey will likely:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infant monkeys prefer and spend more time with surrogate mothers made out of soft terry-cloth, despite the fact that they do not provide milk. In fact, the infant monkeys only used the wire-frame mother when they needed to feed. Therefore, the monkey is likely to spend more time with the terry-cloth mother.

Question 11

At what age do infants seem to need to form specific attachments to individuals?

Accepted Answer

Infants typically begin to form specific attachments to individuals around 6 months of age, as they start to show preference for familiar caregivers and may exhibit separation anxiety.

Question 12

________ is a hormone released by the adrenal glands in cyclical patterns over the course of the day and is involved in regulating the body's stress response.

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal glands and is involved in regulating the body's stress response. It is released in cyclical patterns over the course of the day, with highest levels in the morning and lowest levels at night.

Question 13

The studies with the wire and cloth surrogate mothers:

Accepted Answer

The studies, particularly those by Harlow, showed that attachment is not solely based on feeding (as learning theorists suggested) or unconscious drives (as psychoanalytic theorists suggested), but also on comfort and security, highlighting limitations in both theories.

Question 14

As an infant, Thomas's mother provided him with sensitive caregiving.As an adult Thomas is likely to be:

Accepted Answer

According to attachment theory, individuals who receive sensitive caregiving as infants tend to develop a secure attachment style. This means that they are comfortable relying on others, are not anxious about rejection, and are not fearful of abandonment. These individuals are more likely to have healthier romantic relationships with better communication, trust, and intimacy.

Question 15

Ingrid is German and the mother of a 4-month-old.Sidone is from a small village near Kumbo, Cameroon, and is the mother of a 3-month-old.Which is the most likely difference between these mothers?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that cultural differences can affect parenting behaviors. Specifically, in some African cultures, direct eye contact and pointing are considered impolite or even disrespectful. Therefore, Sidone is more likely to use less gazing and pointing behaviors compared to Ingrid. The other choices are less likely to differ based on cultural background.

Question 16

Anna Freud studied a group of children whose parents had been killed in the concentration camps during World War II.Which of the following statements is true about these children?

Accepted Answer

Anna Freud observed that the children she studied, who had lost their parents in concentration camps, formed close bonds with each other rather than with the adults around them. This was a significant finding in understanding the nature of children's attachments under extreme stress and trauma.

Question 17

Which type of infants seems to have more successful social abilities in childhood?

Accepted Answer

Type B infants, also known as secure infants, have been found to have more successful social abilities in childhood. They have a strong attachment to their caregiver, which allows them to feel secure in exploring their environment and developing relationships with others. Other types of infants, such as type A (anxious-avoidant), type C (anxious-resistant), or type D (disorganized-disoriented) may struggle with social development due to their insecure attachment styles.

Question 18

________ refers to a mental representation of the self and others and how they might interact in different circumstances.

Accepted Answer

Internal working models refer to individuals' mental representations of the self and others, specifically how they might interact in different circumstances. They are formed early in life based on the quality of early attachment experiences, and they influence later experiences and relationships. Relationship frameworks, self-schemas, and specific bond representations are related constructs but do not encompass the broader concept of internal working models.

Question 19

Researchers found that the cortisol levels in children in Romanian orphanages:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers found that the cortisol levels in...

Question 20

Emmanuel grew up in an orphanage.He rushes up and hugs almost any adult he encounters.Emmanuel demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

Emmanuel's behavior of hugging almost any adult he encounters is indicative of indiscriminate attachment. This type of attachment is seen in children who have not formed a clear attachment bond with a specific caregiver, usually due to inconsistent or inadequate care in early childhood. As a result, the child may demonstrate clingy or overly friendly behavior towards anyone they encounter as they seek comfort and security.

Quiz 6: Connecting with the Social World