Question 1

breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, hypertension, gout, and coronary artery disease.

Height: 5'9" Weight: 220 pounds

LABS: Normal Values Arterial BGs: Normal values

Na = 133 mEq/L (135–147) mEq/L pH = 7.9 (7.35–7.45)

Cl = 103 mEq/L (95–107) mEq/L pCO2 = 30 mmHg (35–45) mmHg

K = 4.1 mEq/L (3.5–5.2) mEq/L pO2 = 96 mmHg (70–100) mmHg

Glucose = 207 mmol/L (up to 140) mmol/L HCO3 = 26 mEq/L (19–25) mEq/L

BUN = 25 mmol/L (7–20) mmol/L

Creatinine = 1.5 mmol/L (0.5–1.4) mmol/L

Albumin 3.2 mmol/L (3.2–5) mmol/L

Cholesterol = 320 mmol/L (< 200) mmol/L

Mr. X is likely to have -Mr. X is a 56-year-old male admitted to a hospital for shortness of breath and which acid–base disorder?

Accepted Answer

The primary indication of acid-base disorder is a high blood pH, typically above 7.45. Pneumonia can cause respiratory acidosis due to hypoxia, which can cause an increase in CO2 levels and a decrease in pH. However, in this case, the given information mentions a high blood pH, which indicates that Mr. X may be experiencing metabolic alkalosis. This could be due to conditions such as vomiting, diuretic use, or excessive ingestion of bicarbonate-containing antacids. It is important to further evaluate and manage the underlying cause of the acid-base disorder in order to prevent potential complications.

Question 2

Poisoning from the consumption of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) leads to:
A) metabolic alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
D) respiratory acidosis
E) cancer

Accepted Answer

Ethylene glycol is metabolized in the liver to glycolic acid and oxalic acid, which leads to metabolic acidosis.

Question 3

breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, hypertension, gout, and coronary artery disease.

Height: 5'9" Weight: 220 pounds

LABS: Normal Values Arterial BGs: Normal values

Na = 133 mEq/L (135–147) mEq/L pH = 7.9 (7.35–7.45)

Cl = 103 mEq/L (95–107) mEq/L pCO2 = 30 mmHg (35–45) mmHg

K = 4.1 mEq/L (3.5–5.2) mEq/L pO2 = 96 mmHg (70–100) mmHg

Glucose = 207 mmol/L (up to 140) mmol/L HCO3 = 26 mEq/L (19–25) mEq/L

BUN = 25 mmol/L (7–20) mmol/L

Creatinine = 1.5 mmol/L (0.5–1.4) mmol/L

Albumin 3.2 mmol/L (3.2–5) mmol/L

Cholesterol = 320 mmol/L (< 200) mmol/L

Mr. X is likely to have -Which compensatory disorder could Mr. X develop? A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) respiratory acidosis E) physical acidosis

Accepted Answer

The answer of breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia....

Question 4

Pickwickian syndrome is characterized by:
A) morbid obesity, breathing problems, and myasthenia gravis
B) morbid obesity, breathing problems, and respiratory alkalosis
C) liver disease, blood circulation problems, and respiratory acidosis
D) kidney disease, blood circulation problems, and respiratory alkalosis
E) anorexia nervosa, breathing problems, and respiratory alkalosis

Accepted Answer

Pickwickian syndrome is characterized by morbid obesity, breathing problems, and respiratory acidosis.

Question 5

breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, hypertension, gout, and coronary artery disease.

Height: 5'9" Weight: 220 pounds

LABS: Normal Values Arterial BGs: Normal values

Na = 133 mEq/L (135–147) mEq/L pH = 7.9 (7.35–7.45)

Cl = 103 mEq/L (95–107) mEq/L pCO2 = 30 mmHg (35–45) mmHg

K = 4.1 mEq/L (3.5–5.2) mEq/L pO2 = 96 mmHg (70–100) mmHg

Glucose = 207 mmol/L (up to 140) mmol/L HCO3 = 26 mEq/L (19–25) mEq/L

BUN = 25 mmol/L (7–20) mmol/L

Creatinine = 1.5 mmol/L (0.5–1.4) mmol/L

Albumin 3.2 mmol/L (3.2–5) mmol/L

Cholesterol = 320 mmol/L (< 200) mmol/L

Mr. X is likely to have -Mr. X is a 56-year-old male admitted to a hospital for shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, hypertension, gout, and coronary artery disease. Height: 5'9" Weight: 220 pounds What factor is contributing most to his acid-base disorder? A) gout B) high cholesterol C) pneumonia/shortness of breath D) osteoarthritis E) hypertension

Accepted Answer

Pneumonia and shortness of breath can cause respiratory acidosis, which is likely the acid-base disorder Mr. X is experiencing. Congestive heart failure may also contribute to this. Gout, high cholesterol, osteoarthritis, and hypertension are not directly related to acid-base disorders.

Question 6

breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, hypertension, gout, and coronary artery disease.

Height: 5'9" Weight: 220 pounds

LABS: Normal Values Arterial BGs: Normal values

Na = 133 mEq/L (135–147) mEq/L pH = 7.9 (7.35–7.45)

Cl = 103 mEq/L (95–107) mEq/L pCO2 = 30 mmHg (35–45) mmHg

K = 4.1 mEq/L (3.5–5.2) mEq/L pO2 = 96 mmHg (70–100) mmHg

Glucose = 207 mmol/L (up to 140) mmol/L HCO3 = 26 mEq/L (19–25) mEq/L

BUN = 25 mmol/L (7–20) mmol/L

Creatinine = 1.5 mmol/L (0.5–1.4) mmol/L

Albumin 3.2 mmol/L (3.2–5) mmol/L

Cholesterol = 320 mmol/L (< 200) mmol/L

Mr. X is likely to have -Mr. X is likely to have which acid-base disorder? A) physical acidosis B) respiratory acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) metabolic acidosis E) metabolic alkalosis

Accepted Answer

The patient's lab results show a high pH (7.9) and a low pCO2 (30 mmHg), which are indicative of respiratory alkalosis, a condition where there is too much bicarbonate or too little carbon dioxide in the blood leading to an increase in blood pH.

Question 7

Respiratory alkalosis is generally a result of conditions that cause ____.
A) hypoglycemia
B) decreased heart rate
C) hyperventilation
D) hypoventilation
E) kidney disease

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is excessive loss of carbon dioxide through hyperventilation, leading to elevation of blood pH.

Question 8

Catecholamines are drugs that can cause what type of acid-base imbalance?
A) physical acidosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) respiratory acidosis
E) respiratory alkalosis

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines can stimulate the respiratory system, leading to hyperventilation, which can cause respiratory alkalosis due to excessive loss of carbon dioxide.

Question 9

In terms of mixed acid-base disorders, which of the following is not possible?
A) metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis
B) respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
C) metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis
D) metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
E) metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis are mutually exclusive because they represent opposite abnormalities in the carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood. Respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation leading to an increase in CO2, while respiratory alkalosis is due to hyperventilation leading to a decrease in CO2. It is not physiologically possible for both conditions to occur simultaneously in the same patient.

Question 10

Sleep apnea can potentially cause which acid-base disorder?
A) respiratory alkalosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) metabolic acidosis
E) kidney disease

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea can lead to respiratory acidosis, as it causes periods of hypoventilation and carbon dioxide retention.

Question 11

What does the anion gap measure?
A) the total quantity of anions
B) the difference between unmeasured anions and cations
C) the ratio of different anions
D) the effect of anions on the blood
E) the effect of anions on the kidneys

Accepted Answer

The anion gap is a measure of the difference between the concentrations of unmeasured anions and cations in the blood. It is calculated as the difference between the sum of measured anions (usually chloride and bicarbonate) and cations (usually sodium and potassium). An increased anion gap may indicate the presence of metabolic acidosis, which can be caused by various conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis.

Question 12

What is the normal value for oxygen saturation in arterial blood gas?
A) 95% or higher
B) between 90% and 92%
C) 87% or lower
D) between 57% and 59%
E) 19.1% or lower

Accepted Answer

The normal value for oxygen saturation in arterial blood gas is 95% or higher. Oxygen saturation refers to the percentage of hemoglobin molecules in the blood that are carrying oxygen. A saturation level below 95% may indicate hypoxemia, which is a low oxygen level in the blood, and may require intervention to prevent complications.

Question 13

Which medical condition occurs when the retention of carbon dioxide causes a decrease in the pH of the body?
A) metabolic alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) diabetic alkalosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
E) respiratory acidosis

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the retention of carbon dioxide by the lungs causes a decrease in pH levels in the body, making the blood more acidic. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or respiratory failure.

Question 14

Where is the respiratory center in the brain located?
A) pineal gland
B) pituitary gland
C) posterior cerebrum
D) pons
E) medulla

Accepted Answer

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata, which is part of the brainstem.

Question 15

Diabetic ketoacidosis results in metabolic acidosis due to both increased production of and the inability to metabolize:
A) ketones
B) lactates
C) bicarbonates
D) water
E) ammonia

Accepted Answer

Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by the increased production of ketones due to insulin deficiency and the inability to metabolize them due to glucose utilization being impaired. This leads to buildup of ketones in the blood which then dissociate into ketoacids causing metabolic acidosis.

Question 16

Identify the equation that is used to calculate the anion gap. A) Na⁺- (Cl^-+ HCO₃^-) B) K⁺- (Cl^-+ HCO₃^-) C) Na⁺- (HCO₃^-) D) K⁺- (HCO₃^-) E) Na⁺- (Cl^-)

Accepted Answer

The anion gap is calculated using the formula: Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-), which matches choice A after decoding the superscript and subscript formatting.

Question 17

breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, hypertension, gout, and coronary artery disease.

Height: 5'9" Weight: 220 pounds

LABS: Normal Values Arterial BGs: Normal values

Na = 133 mEq/L (135–147) mEq/L pH = 7.9 (7.35–7.45)

Cl = 103 mEq/L (95–107) mEq/L pCO2 = 30 mmHg (35–45) mmHg

K = 4.1 mEq/L (3.5–5.2) mEq/L pO2 = 96 mmHg (70–100) mmHg

Glucose = 207 mmol/L (up to 140) mmol/L HCO3 = 26 mEq/L (19–25) mEq/L

BUN = 25 mmol/L (7–20) mmol/L

Creatinine = 1.5 mmol/L (0.5–1.4) mmol/L

Albumin 3.2 mmol/L (3.2–5) mmol/L

Cholesterol = 320 mmol/L (< 200) mmol/L

-Mr. X is a 56-year-old male admitted to a hospital for shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, hypertension, gout, and coronary artery disease. Height: 5'9" Weight: 220 pounds What treatment would be the most effective for his acid-base disorder? A) treat pneumonia and lose weight B) control blood pressure and reduce blood cholesterol C) anti-inflammatories for osteoarthritis and lose weight D) insulin therapy and control blood pressure E) manage heart condition and reduce blood cholesterol

Accepted Answer

The answer of breathing difficulties. He is diagnosed with pneumonia....

Question 18

What is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis?
A) asthma
B) morbid obesity
C) intestinal fistulas
D) diarrhea
E) overconsumption of coffee

Accepted Answer

The most common cause of metabolic acidosis is diarrhea, which leads to loss of bicarbonate from the body. The loss of bicarbonate leads to an increase in acidity, causing metabolic acidosis. The other options listed are not typically associated with metabolic acidosis.

Question 19

Identify the amino acid that is converted to ammonia in the renal tubular cells of the kidney.
A) methionine
B) cysteine
C) alanine
D) glutamine
E) valine

Accepted Answer

Glutamine is the amino acid that is converted to ammonia in the renal tubular cells of the kidney. This process is important for maintaining acid-base balance in the body.

Question 20

Prolonged vomiting is likely to lead to what type of acid-base imbalance?
A) respiratory alkalosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) metabolic acidosis
E) physical acidosis

Accepted Answer

Prolonged vomiting results in the loss of hydrogen ions from the stomach, leading to a loss of acid in the body. This loss of acid results in an increase in blood pH, or alkalosis, known as metabolic alkalosis.

Quiz 8: Acid Base Balance

Poisoning from the consumption of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) leads to:

Pickwickian syndrome is characterized by:

Respiratory alkalosis is generally a result of conditions that cause ____.

Catecholamines are drugs that can cause what type of acid-base imbalance?

In terms of mixed acid-base disorders, which of the following is not possible?

Sleep apnea can potentially cause which acid-base disorder?

What does the anion gap measure?

What is the normal value for oxygen saturation in arterial blood gas?

Which medical condition occurs when the retention of carbon dioxide causes a decrease in the pH of the body?

Where is the respiratory center in the brain located?

Diabetic ketoacidosis results in metabolic acidosis due to both increased production of and the inability to metabolize:

Identify the equation that is used to calculate the anion gap.

What is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis?

Identify the amino acid that is converted to ammonia in the renal tubular cells of the kidney.

Prolonged vomiting is likely to lead to what type of acid-base imbalance?