Question 1

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the reformatory model?

Accepted Answer

The reformatory model was designed to focus on rehabilitation and education of young offenders, so it did not typically house older offenders with medical issues.

Question 2

Which of the following were prisons established by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages for those believed to be engaging in acts that violated religious principles?

Accepted Answer

Monastic confinement was a form of imprisonment established by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages for those deemed to be violating religious principles. The offenders would be sent to monasteries or convents, where they would live under strict rules and be subjected to religious instruction in the hopes of redemption. Bridewells and houses of corrections were types of early modern prisons established for minor offenders, while the Citadel was a medieval fortress or stronghold.

Question 3

Which early correctional model was based on the belief that most prisoners could benefit from the actual experience of incarceration?

Accepted Answer

The Pennsylvania model, also known as the separate system, was based on the belief that most prisoners could benefit from the actual experience of incarceration. This model emphasized the moral and spiritual transformation of prisoners through solitary confinement and reflection. In contrast, the New York model (Auburn system) emphasized discipline and hard labor in group settings, while the Texas model emphasized vocational training and rehabilitation through labor. The Carolina model is not an early correctional model but rather a modern-day community-based model that emphasizes reintegration and support for offenders.

Question 4

In 1780 BCE, the King of Babylon created the first formal legal code known as the:

Accepted Answer

The first formal legal code known to history was created by the King of Babylon, Hammurabi, in 1780 BCE. The code consisted of 282 laws that were inscribed on a stele (a stone slab or pillar) and displayed in public for all to see. This code is known as the Code of Hammurabi and is considered to be one of the earliest and most significant legal documents in human history.

Question 5

Who of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Howard Gill was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons in the United States and played a key role in the development of prison health care systems. Andrew McCutchen is a professional baseball player and not known for his advocacy work related to medical treatment in prisons. Howard Johns and John Gill are not known for their roles in advocating for prison health care systems.

Question 6

Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by:

Accepted Answer

Public outrage often calls for offenders to pay for their crimes, which typically involves serving a punishment that is proportional to the severity of the offense. This may include fines, community service, or longer prison sentences. However, the primary focus is on the punishment fitting the crime and being a deterrent for future criminal behavior. Learning lessons or serving short sentences may not necessarily address the harm caused by the offense or deter future criminal activity to the same extent as paying for the crime.

Question 7

Who was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform during the 1700s?

Accepted Answer

John Howard was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform during the 1700s. He conducted extensive research on prison conditions and his work led to the development of modern prison systems.

Question 8

The state believes that in order for an offenders' behavior to change, punishment should:

Accepted Answer

The state's belief that punishment should teach a lesson suggests that it should not only deter an offender from committing future crimes, but also help them understand the consequences of their actions and encourage better decision-making in the future. Punishment that is degrading or occurs before a trial would likely be unconstitutional, while waiving punishment would not provide any deterrence or educational value.

Question 9

The equity goal of punishment means that convicted offenders must do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The equity goal of punishment requires convicted offenders to do all of the following: pay back their victims for their loss, pay back the justice system for costs related to processing their cases, and pay back society for the disruptions caused by their crimes.

Question 10

Which position on punishment is most closely linked to retribution?

Accepted Answer

Just deserts is a position on punishment that emphasizes the moral responsibility of offenders  and the need to punish them accordingly as a form of retribution or "getting what they deserve."

Question 11

Which classical prison reformer and philosopher believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose, while the socially desirable outcome from punishment should be the protection of society?

Accepted Answer

Bentham is known for his utilitarian philosophy, which argued that laws should serve a useful purpose in maximizing the overall happiness of society. He also believed that punishment should have a deterrent effect and protect society from future harm.

Question 12

Punishment that is based on "getting even" for violating the social contract is known as:

Accepted Answer

Retribution is a punishment that aims to make the offender suffer in return for their wrongdoing. It is based on the principle of "an eye for an eye" and is intended to serve as a deterrent to others who may be considering similar offenses. Restitution involves the offender making amends for their actions by compensating the victim or repairing the harm caused. Rehabilitation aims to reform and reintegrate offenders back into society, while deterrence seeks to discourage others from committing similar offenses through the threat of punishment.

Question 13

A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.

Accepted Answer

A penitentiary is a high-security prison in which individuals convicted of felonies are sentenced to serve out their terms. It is designed to isolate inmates from society and often features strict security measures, including walls, barbed wire, and surveillance equipment. Penitentiaries are typically used for long-term confinement, and may offer educational and vocational programs to help inmates prepare for reentry into society upon release. They are distinct from jails (option C), which are typically used for short-term detention of individuals awaiting trial or sentencing, or those serving shorter sentences for misdemeanors. Bridewell (option A) and house of corrections (option B) are outdated terms used to describe older types of correctional facilities in England and the United States, respectively.

Question 14

____________________ was finished in 1829 and became a model for prisons in several European countries. It had a radial design, with seven wings, each containing 76 cells, radiating from a central hub, where control personnel were stationed.

Accepted Answer

The description given matches the Eastern State Penitentiary, which was finished in 1829 and had a radial design with seven wings radiating from a central hub.

Question 15

Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release?

Accepted Answer

The Irish mark system was developed by Sir Walter Crofton. It allowed prisoners to earn "marks" for good behavior and progress in rehabilitation programs, which could eventually lead to early release.

Question 16

During the Middle Ages, those labeled as vagrants, beggars, and delinquents could be forced to work in___________________ for the purposes of punishment and discipline.

Accepted Answer

Houses of correction were institutions established during the Middle Ages to reform and discipline vagrants, beggars, and delinquents through enforced labor.

Question 17

Which state led the way in repealing the British laws that the colonists had enacted concerning crime and punishment?

Accepted Answer

Pennsylvania was the first state to repeal the British laws that the colonists had enacted concerning crime and punishment. This was done through the passing of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances in 1774, which declared that only the colonial assemblies had the right to make laws for the colonies.

Question 18

Which prison reformer developed the Irish mark system, which eventually spread to the United States and influenced the development of parole?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which prison reformer developed the Irish mark...

Question 19

Which was the first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for diligence and productivity?

Accepted Answer

Elmira Reformatory, located in New York, was the first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for their hard work, diligence, and productivity. This practice was adopted in 1876, and it aimed to encourage inmates to learn new skills and work hard while in prison to improve their chances of finding legal employment upon release.

Question 20

The ____________________ is the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention.

Accepted Answer

The medical model is the idea that crime is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention. This approach views criminal behavior as a symptom of an underlying problem, such as mental illness or addiction, and focuses on treating the root cause rather than punishing the offender.

Quiz 1: The Correctional System