Beneath the surface of the age of optimism and la belle époque lay growing discontent and tensions.These included

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All of these factors contributed to the growing discontent and tensions beneath the surface of the age of optimism and la belle époque. There was increased difficulty in achieving political consensus, especially as labor movements and other social justice causes gained momentum. Growing international competition and suspicions were fueled by imperialism and nationalism, leading to increased tensions and eventually World War I. The disillusionment of the intelligentsia was a result of the failure of liberal ideology to solve social and economic problems, leading to the rise of socialist and communist movements. Growing militarism can be seen in the arms race between major powers and the increasing willingness to use military force to assert national interests.

Beneath the Surface of the Age of Optimism and La