Question 1

What general statement is MOST accurate concerning hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?

Accepted Answer

HRT is a complex and controversial topic with both benefits and risks. Therefore, it is important to evaluate each case individually and consider factors such as age, medical history, and personal preference. Option A is not entirely accurate as HRT can help prevent osteoporosis in some cases. Option B also lacks accuracy as some studies have shown an increased risk of breast cancer with HRT. Option C is not true as natural remedies can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Question 2

What is a Pap test used for?

Accepted Answer

A Pap test is used to examine cells that are scraped from the cervix in order to screen for abnormal or potentially cancerous cells. It is not used to determine whether or not a female has an STI, check breast tissue for lumps, or examine the pelvis and abdomen.

Question 3

Which structure of a female's genitalia is surgically removed in a circumcision procedure?

Accepted Answer

Female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), involves the partial or complete removal of the clitoris and other genitalia. The procedure is medically unnecessary, extremely painful, and can cause long-term physical and psychological harm to individuals who undergo it. The World Health Organization (WHO) and various human rights organizations strongly condemn the practice of FGM.

Question 4

When Ling's newborn son cries, she can feel her breasts become engorged with milk. Which of the following is responsible for stimulating Ling's mammary gland ducts to lactate?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin is responsible for stimulating the mammary gland ducts to lactate. When a newborn cries, it signals the release of oxytocin which causes the milk ejection reflex and the production of milk in the mammary glands. Estrogen and progesterone play a role in preparing the breasts for lactation during pregnancy, but they do not directly stimulate lactation. Colostrum is the first milk produced by the breasts after birth, but it does not stimulate lactation.

Question 5

The vulva is comprised of all of the following except ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The vulva is made up of external female genitalia, including the mons Veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, and Bartholin's glands. The ovaries are internal organs located in the pelvic cavity and are not part of the vulva.

Question 6

Which type of medical specialist concentrates on the study and treatment of disorders of the female reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

A gynecologist specializes in the study and treatment of disorders of the female reproductive system including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. Pediatricians focus on children's health, obstetricians deal specifically with pregnancy and childbirth, and dermatologists treat skin, hair, and nail disorders.

Question 7

The removal of the clitoris, prepuce, and labia, and the sewing together of the vestibule is known as ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The process described is known as infibulation, which is a type of female genital mutilation. It is a harmful and unethical practice that is widely condemned.

Question 8

Robin is experiencing vaginal burning and rawness along with an occasional stabbing pain in the vaginal area. Although her gynecologist has been unable to identify a specific cause, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

The symptoms of vaginal burning and rawness along with occasional stabbing pain in the vaginal area are consistent with vulvodynia, which is a chronic pain condition affecting the vulva (the external female genitalia). Other conditions such as uterine fibroids and urinary tract infections may cause vaginal discomfort, but they typically do not present with the same type of pain symptoms as vulvodynia. Toxic shock syndrome is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that is typically associated with the use of certain types of tampons, and it would present with more serious symptoms such as high fever, vomiting, and a rash.

Question 9

Sadaf has irregular menstruation, is overweight, has excessive body and facial hair, and acne. What condition does Sadaf most likely have?

Accepted Answer

These symptoms are indicative of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excessive body and facial hair, acne, and weight gain. Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that is associated with the use of high-absorbency tampons. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is a condition in which there is abnormal bleeding from the uterus, but it is not associated with any anatomical abnormalities. Premenopausal dysphoric syndrome (PMDS) is a mood disorder that can occur in women before menopause.

Question 10

Decreasing estrogen during the years leading up to and after menopause can lead to all of the following EXCEPT ______________________.

Accepted Answer

Decreasing estrogen levels during menopause can cause many physical changes, including hair growth on the face, vaginal dryness, and an increased risk for osteoporosis. However, it does not typically cause enlargement of the clitoris and labia.

Question 11

The inner surface of labia majora is hairless and contains ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The inner surface of labia majora is hairless and contains sebaceous glands. These glands produce an oily substance that helps lubricate the vulva.

Question 12

What is the main cause of cervical cancer?

Accepted Answer

The main cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. HPV infects the cells of the cervix and can cause them to become cancerous over time. Other factors such as smoking, a weakened immune system, and certain genetic or environmental factors may also contribute to the development of cervical cancer. Family history and trauma to the cervix during childbirth may increase the risk of cervical cancer but are not the main cause. Having sexual intercourse at a young age may increase the risk of HPV infection but is not the only cause of cervical cancer.

Question 13

Which type of gynecological cancer is most likely to lead to death?

Accepted Answer

Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecological cancer as it often goes undetected until it has spread to other parts of the body. It also has a high recurrence rate after initial treatment.

Question 14

The ___________ are two longitudinal folds of fatty tissue that extend from the mons, frame the rest of the female genitalia, and meet at the perineum.

Accepted Answer

The labia majora are the two folds of fatty tissue that extend from the mons (also known as the mons Veneris), frame the rest of the female genitalia, and meet at the perineum. The labia minora are smaller folds of tissue located inside the labia majora. The vestibules are the outer parts of the vagina that contain the openings of the urethra and the vaginal canal.

Question 15

What is the age range in which menopause will typically occur?

Accepted Answer

Menopause typically occurs in women between the ages of 40 and 58. This is when they naturally stop having menstrual periods for at least 12 months.

Question 16

A group of female researchers identified ___________ structures of the clitoris-some of which are readily visible and others that are not.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A group of female researchers identified ___________...

Question 17

An erectile organ of the female located under the prepuce; an organ of sexual pleasure ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The clitoris is an erectile organ located under the prepuce that is responsible for sexual pleasure in females. The vagina is the birth canal and not typically associated with sexual pleasure on its own. The introitus is the opening of the vagina but is not an erectile organ. The labia majora are the outer, larger folds of skin surrounding the vaginal area and do not have an erectile function.

Question 18

A natural lubricating residue made up of shredded skin cells, skin oil secretions, and moisture, including sweat. Typically gathers in skin folds, such as between the labia and under the clitoral hood is known as ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the definition of smegma, which is a natural lubricating residue made up of shredded skin cells, skin oil secretions, and moisture, including sweat, that typically gathers in skin folds such as between the labia and under the clitoral hood. Vagina (A) refers to the internal reproductive organ, imperforate hymen (C) refers to a medical condition where the hymen completely covers the vaginal opening, and introitus (D) refers to the entrance or opening of the vagina.

Question 19

What statement best describes findings related to the treatment of PMS and PMDD?

Accepted Answer

According to research, the majority of women with PMS and PMDD respond well to treatment, which may include lifestyle modifications, medications, or a combination of both.

Question 20

During sexual excitement, the labia majora fill with __________, which makes the entire pubic region seem to swell.

Accepted Answer

The labia majora fill with blood during sexual excitement, which causes them to swell and increase in size.

Quiz 5: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

What general statement is MOST accurate concerning hormone replacement therapy (HRT) ?