Question 1

Compared to control groups, longitudinal studies of the effectiveness of Head Start have shown that Head Start students

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies of Head Start have generally found that participants show modest academic gains compared to control groups. These gains are particularly notable in the early years following participation, though some studies suggest that the magnitude of these gains can diminish over time.

Question 2

One explanation for the negative effects of poverty is that families in poverty experience conditions that can lead to depression, marital conflict, and other problems, which then lead to diminished quality of parenting. Which model does this represent?

Accepted Answer

The family stress model suggests that poverty leads to stressors within families that can negatively affect child development. This includes factors such as parental depression, marital conflict, and diminished quality of parenting.

Question 3

Selena has loved sports from the time she was born. Her parents recognized this love and signed her up for soccer, little league baseball, gymnastics, and other sports. Which type of gene-environment interaction is being described?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Selena has loved sports from the time...

Question 4

A probable reason why the Abecedarian Project had stronger positive effects than Head Start is that it had

Accepted Answer

The Abecedarian Project had an intensive design with many hours of intervention combined with home visits, while Head Start did not have as intensive of an intervention. This likely contributed to the stronger positive effects seen in the Abecedarian Project. The other choices do not have evidence or logical reasoning to support them as reasons for the difference in effects between the two programs.

Question 5

When scientists say that siblings share 50% of their genes, the scientists are referring to

Accepted Answer

Siblings share 50% of their segregating genes, which are the genes that can vary between individuals and are inherited from their parents.

Question 6

Why do Japanese schools prefer large classes?

Accepted Answer

Japanese schools prefer large classes because they emphasize group harmony and cooperation, which are important cultural values in Japan. Large classes encourage students to focus on the group rather than individual achievements.

Question 7

Which of the following refers to observable characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype refers to observable characteristics, such as physical features or behavior, whereas genotype refers to an individual's specific genetic makeup. Passive gene-environment correlation refers to the fact that genetically related family members may share similar environments, and heritability refers to the proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic factors.

Question 8

Joe's parents were professional athletes, so he inherited genes relevant to sports, and he has been exposed to sports and training for sports from birth. Which type of gene-environment interaction is being described?

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes a passive gene-environment interaction, where the environment (being raised by professional athletes and exposed to sports from birth) complements the genetic predisposition (inheriting genes relevant to sports), without the individual actively seeking out these experiences.

Question 9

The graph shown depicts which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The graph shown depicts which of the...

Question 10

Regarding starting school, an environmentalist is likely to believe that

Accepted Answer

An environmentalist would likely believe that the environment, including school, plays a crucial role in a child's development and learning, thus supporting the idea that children should start school to benefit from the learning environment.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of readiness tests?

Accepted Answer

Many readiness tests have poor reliability and validity, meaning they may not accurately predict a child's readiness for school. The other answer choices are incorrect.

Question 12

Which of the following is most clearly a component of a child's nurture?

Accepted Answer

The child's school curriculum is a clear component of their nurture, as it is influenced by external factors such as family values, cultural norms, and societal expectations. Options A, B, and D are related to genetics and are therefore part of the child's nature.

Question 13

Consider the story of Olly Neal, who stole books from the school library as a youth and later became a judge. As presented in the textbook, his story focused on

Accepted Answer

The story of Olly Neal focuses on the role of a faculty member serving as a protective factor in his life rather than on discrimination, compensatory education or the effects of crime on youth development. While discrimination and challenges certainly played a role in Olly Neal's life, the core message of his story is that the encouragement and guidance of a caring teacher can make a huge impact on a young person's life.

Question 14

In their studies of heritability, whom do behavioral geneticists tend to study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their studies of heritability, whom do...

Question 15

Which theory emphasizes the notion that humans are influenced by concentric circles of influence, from immediate influences to distant influences?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which theory emphasizes the notion that humans...

Question 16

A key risk factor for youth is

Accepted Answer

Maternal depression can have negative effects on a child's development, including emotional and behavioral problems. It can also affect the quality of the parent-child relationship and lead to a lack of emotional support for the child.

Question 17

Calvin Murphy is on a swim team. When his parents take him to out-of-town swim meets, they try to visit the local museums and historical sites. This might affect his achievement because of

Accepted Answer

The term "cultural capital" refers to the non-financial assets that a family can use to increase their status and social mobility, including knowledge, education, and experiences like visits to museums and historical sites. By exposing Calvin to these experiences, his parents are providing him with cultural capital that may enhance his achievement in various ways, such as developing a broader perspective, building background knowledge, and potentially increasing his interest in learning.

Question 18

Cultural capital refers to

Accepted Answer

Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes that give someone a "head start" in society. This includes knowledge of the dominant culture, language proficiency, and familiarity with high-status cultural activities such as museums and theater. It is often associated with educational and career success.

Question 19

Samuel, who is 12, lives with both of his parents, who work in local fast food restaurants. Their neighbors are mostly unemployed or work in low level non-union jobs in the automobile industry. His parents did not graduate from high school and don't know much about college or how to apply to college. Which of the following does Samuel  likely experience at this time?

Accepted Answer

Samuel is likely experiencing low cultural capital due to his parents' lack of education and unfamiliarity with the college application process. Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and resources that individuals have access to based on their social class and upbringing. Samuel's parents working in low-wage jobs and not having graduated from high school limits their ability to pass on cultural capital to their son.

Question 20

Research shows that different ethnic groups have different styles of storytelling. This fact can affect academic achievement and is an example of

Accepted Answer

Cultural mismatch refers to situations where the cultural values, beliefs, and communication styles of a student and those of their teacher or school do not align. This can result in decreased academic achievement and engagement. The different styles of storytelling among ethnic groups are an example of cultural mismatch, as teachers may not recognize or value these styles, therefore creating a disconnect in the classroom. Multiple intelligences, intelligence, and halo effect are not directly related to this concept.

Quiz 1: Ways of Thinking About Children