Question 1

Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S.Presidential election.She believes that approximately 90 percent of college students also voted for Obama, when in reality that number is much lower.Sophia's overestimation is consistent with

Accepted Answer

Sophia's overestimation of the proportion of college students who voted for Obama is consistent with the false-consensus effect, which is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Question 2

Carol is asked to rate her husband in terms of how helpful he is with the household chores.Because she cannot think of a single instance of helpful behavior, she gives him a very low rating.Carol relied on _____ to make her judgment.

Accepted Answer

Carol relied on the availability heuristic, which is a mental shortcut that involves judging the likelihood or frequency of an event or behavior based on how easily examples of it come to mind. In this case, Carol couldn't think of any helpful behavior from her husband, so she rated him poorly based on the ease with which she could recall instances of his unhelpfulness.

Question 3

Stephon knows someone whose brother received a very lucrative contract to play professional basketball for the National Basketball Association (NBA).With this success story in mind, he ignores the statistics that indicate a very low probability that anyone will make it to the NBA and overestimates his own chances of making it.This scenario best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The scenario best illustrates the base-rate fallacy, which occurs when individuals ignore the overall probability (or base rate) of an event occurring and instead focus on specific, vivid examples or information that support their beliefs or expectations. In this situation, Stephon is ignoring the low probability of making it to the NBA and focusing on the success story of someone he knows. The other answer choices do not accurately describe the scenario.

Question 4

Everyone you know seems to love the TV show The Apprentice.You're a huge fan of reality TV as well, as you never miss an episode of The Amazing Race, American Idol, or Project Runway.But every time you watch The Apprentice, you have the same reaction: you hate it with a passion.According to Kelley's (1967)covariation theory of attribution, your dislike of this show would be

Accepted Answer

Kelley's covariation theory of attribution states that when making attributions about behavior, people consider consensus (whether other people behave the same way), distinctiveness (whether the behavior is unique to the situation), and consistency (whether the person behaves this way consistently over time). In this scenario, the individual's dislike of The Apprentice is low in consensus (not everyone likes it), high in distinctiveness (they like other reality TV shows), and high in consistency (they always dislike The Apprentice). Therefore, the best answer is B.

Question 5

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female.If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate and prominent examples to make judgments or decisions. In this case, the person is relying on the female psychology majors that come to mind quickly, which may not be representative of the entire population of psychology majors at their school.

Question 6

According to correspondent inference theory, correspondent inferences are most likely to occur when a person's behavior is

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to correspondent inference theory, correspondent inferences...

Question 7

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut in which people rely on the most readily available information to make judgments or estimates about the probability of an event. Therefore, estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the use of the availability heuristic.

Question 8

The system that social perceivers rely on first is

Accepted Answer

Social perceivers generally rely on their intuitive and automatic system of thinking first, which is quick and efficient but may also lead to biases and errors. They may switch to a more rational and controlled system if necessary, but this requires effort and cognitive resources. The options C and D are contradictory, as effortful and intuitive processes are not typically paired together, and slow processes are not necessarily easier than fast processes.

Question 9

Which of the following reflects the primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory?

Accepted Answer

The primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory is whether observers can infer that an actor's behavior corresponds with the actor's personality or internal disposition.

Question 10

According to the covariation principle, a personal attribution is most likely to result when consistency is _____, consensus is _____, and distinctiveness is _____.

Accepted Answer

According to the covariation principle, a personal attribution is most likely to result when consistency is high, consensus is low, and distinctiveness is low. Therefore, option C ("high; low; low") is the correct choice.

Question 11

In Kahneman's (2011)work on judgment and decision making, System 1 is to _____ as System 2 is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Kahneman (2011) describes System 1 as the automatic, quick, and effortless form of thinking that relies on heuristics and intuition. System 2, on the other hand, is a slower, effortful, and more deliberate form of thinking that involves analytical and logical processing. Therefore, the best choice is A since it matches the qualities of each system to their respective descriptions.

Question 12

When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When _____ is low, it is difficult...

Question 13

Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa's behavior is dispositional.If Lindy relies on correspondent inference theory, she would consider all of the following factors except

Accepted Answer

According to correspondent inference theory, Lindy would consider whether Marisa freely chose the behavior, whether the behavior was expected given the situation, and the intended consequences of the behavior. However, whether Marisa knew she was being observed during the behavior is not relevant to determining if the behavior is dispositional or situational.

Question 14

According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Steve's decision to join a monastery and take a vow of celibacy goes against what might be considered his natural inclinations or preferences, making a personal attribution more fitting than a situational one. In contrast, A, B, and C are all situations that might be more readily explained by situational factors than by personal ones. Serena is just doing her job, Sally is following military protocol, and Sam is complying with a legal order.

Question 15

According to the covariation principle, a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is _____, consensus is _____, and distinctiveness is _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the covariation principle, a situational...

Question 16

Participants in one study rated fictional food additives that were more difficult to pronounce as more hazardous to health.These results demonstrate that

Accepted Answer

The study indicates that people tend to associate unfamiliar or difficult-to-pronounce names with hazardous or harmful elements. This suggests that people may have an inherent fear of the unknown or unfamiliar, leading them to avoid novel foods or food additives that are difficult to pronounce.

Question 17

The base-rate fallacy reflects

Accepted Answer

The answer of The base-rate fallacy reflects
...

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which your text describes social perceivers as differing?

Accepted Answer

The text states that individuals vary in their attributional style (how they explain behavior), but it does not state that some individuals make attributions and others do not. Therefore, option C is the only choice that is not described as a way in which social perceivers differ in the text.

Question 19

Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that, in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioral evidence, people

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that, in...

Question 20

In Jones and Davis's correspondent inference theory, observers trying to infer whether a particular behavior corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor would ask all of the following questions except,

Accepted Answer

Jones and Davis's correspondent inference theory does not focus on the actor's perception of the behavior. Instead, it considers factors like social norms, consequences, and the actor's freedom of choice to determine if a behavior reflects a personal characteristic.

Quiz 4: Perceiving Persons

Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S.Presidential election.She believes that approximately 90 percent of college students also voted for Obama, when in reality that number is much lower.Sophia's overestimation is consistent with

Carol is asked to rate her husband in terms of how helpful he is with the household chores.Because she cannot think of a single instance of helpful behavior, she gives him a very low rating.Carol relied on _____ to make her judgment.

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female.If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

According to correspondent inference theory, correspondent inferences are most likely to occur when a person's behavior is

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the

The system that social perceivers rely on first is

Which of the following reflects the primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory?

According to the covariation principle, a personal attribution is most likely to result when consistency is ___, consensus is _, and distinctiveness is ___.

In Kahneman's (2011) work on judgment and decision making, System 1 is to _ as System 2 is to _.

When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.

Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa's behavior is dispositional.If Lindy relies on correspondent inference theory, she would consider all of the following factors except

According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

According to the covariation principle, a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is ___, consensus is _, and distinctiveness is ___.

Participants in one study rated fictional food additives that were more difficult to pronounce as more hazardous to health.These results demonstrate that

The base-rate fallacy reflects

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which your text describes social perceivers as differing?

Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that, in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioral evidence, people

In Jones and Davis's correspondent inference theory, observers trying to infer whether a particular behavior corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor would ask all of the following questions except,

Quiz 4: Perceiving Persons

Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S.Presidential election.She believes that approximately 90 percent of college students also voted for Obama, when in reality that number is much lower.Sophia's overestimation is consistent with

Carol is asked to rate her husband in terms of how helpful he is with the household chores.Because she cannot think of a single instance of helpful behavior, she gives him a very low rating.Carol relied on _____ to make her judgment.

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female.If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

According to correspondent inference theory, correspondent inferences are most likely to occur when a person's behavior is

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the

The system that social perceivers rely on first is

Which of the following reflects the primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory?

According to the covariation principle, a personal attribution is most likely to result when consistency is _____, consensus is _____, and distinctiveness is _____.

In Kahneman's (2011) work on judgment and decision making, System 1 is to _____ as System 2 is to _____.

When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.

Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa's behavior is dispositional.If Lindy relies on correspondent inference theory, she would consider all of the following factors except

According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

According to the covariation principle, a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is _____, consensus is _____, and distinctiveness is _____.

Participants in one study rated fictional food additives that were more difficult to pronounce as more hazardous to health.These results demonstrate that

The base-rate fallacy reflects

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which your text describes social perceivers as differing?

Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that, in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioral evidence, people

In Jones and Davis's correspondent inference theory, observers trying to infer whether a particular behavior corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor would ask all of the following questions except,

According to the covariation principle, a personal attribution is most likely to result when consistency is ___, consensus is _, and distinctiveness is ___.

In Kahneman's (2011) work on judgment and decision making, System 1 is to _ as System 2 is to _.

According to the covariation principle, a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is ___, consensus is _, and distinctiveness is ___.