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A 20-Year-Old Woman Comes to the Office Due to Dysuria

Question 1

Multiple Choice

A 20-year-old woman comes to the office due to dysuria, urgency and frequency. This symptoms started 2 days ago. She denied any fever or chills. She has recurrent episodes of cystitis and one epiosde of acute pyelonephritis over the past eight months. The symptoms tend to occur a few days following sexual intercourse.  The patient has no other medical problems and takes no medications.  Her temperature is 36.7 C (98 F) , blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, respirations are 16/min, and pulse is 65/min.  Abdominal and genitourinary examinations are normal.  Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor for pyelonephritis in this patient?


A) Frequent voiding
B) Hematogenous bacterial spread
C) Suppression of endogenous flora
D) Urethral colonization
E) Vesicoureteral urine reflux

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