Question 1

Based on the special box about Prevention and Culture, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements provided are true and highlight significant issues related to gun violence affecting children and teens in the United States, including the frequency of such incidents, the comparative rate of gun violence deaths among children in the U.S. relative to other industrialized nations, and the source of firearms used in youth suicides.

Question 2

A systematic set of statements designed to help analyze, explain, and predict phenomena is the definition of a:

Accepted Answer

A theory is a systematic set of statements that helps analyze, explain, and predict phenomena.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good theory?

Accepted Answer

A good theory should not only account for new data but also be consistent with existing data. It should integrate both new and existing observations into a coherent understanding of the phenomenon being studied.

Question 4

The "cause" of emotional/behavioral problems is known as:

Accepted Answer

Etiology refers to the study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder, including emotional or behavioral problems.

Question 5

According to Freud, the correct order of psychosexual stages is as follows (from earliest to latest):

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development posits that individuals pass through five stages in the following order: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 6

One of the more recent psychodynamic theories is known as:

Accepted Answer

Object relations theory is a branch of psychodynamic psychology that emphasizes the importance of early relationships, particularly between children and their primary caregivers, and how these relationships influence psychological development and functioning.

Question 7

Regarding mothers and fathers in clinical child research:

Accepted Answer

More mothers than fathers are included in clinical child research, and this imbalance is often viewed as problematic because it can lead to a lack of understanding about the role of fathers in child development and psychopathology.

Question 8

Mica is 9-months old.She will sometimes crawl away from her parents to explore her environment, but she seems happy to reunite with her parents and she seems to use them as a base from which to explore new environments.Mica's attachment style to her parents is most likely:

Accepted Answer

Mica's behavior indicates a secure attachment style, as she is comfortable exploring her environment when her parents are present and shows happiness upon reuniting with them. This suggests she trusts her parents and feels safe when they are nearby, which are characteristics of secure attachment.

Question 9

Joey just turned one-year old.He gets very upset and distressed when his parents leave the room, but then he seems angry when they return (sometimes he even rejects them when they return).Joey's attachment style to his parents is most likely:

Accepted Answer

Joey's behavior of getting upset when his parents leave and then showing anger or rejection upon their return is indicative of an anxious ambivalent insecure attachment style. This pattern reflects a child's confusion and uncertainty about the caregiver's response, leading to both intense attachment behaviors and resistance or anger upon reunion.

Question 10

Genetic make up that is inherited from biological parents is called:

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, which is inherited from its biological parents. This includes all the genes and alleles that an individual possesses.

Question 11

The proportion of variation from genetic influences (which is calculated by dividing the variance due to genotype by the variance due to phenotype) is known as:

Accepted Answer

Heritability is the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Question 12

Which of the following show the highest degree of similar genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, originate from the same fertilized egg and therefore share virtually identical genetic material.

Question 13

Don and Henley are identical twins who are being raised in different homes.Freddie and Mercury are identical twins who are being raised together.If they were all included in a study of a behavioral characteristic (such as creativity), the study would most likely be a(n):

Accepted Answer

The study involves identical twins being raised in different environments (Don and Henley) and identical twins being raised together (Freddie and Mercury), which is a classic setup for an adoption study. Adoption studies are used to disentangle the effects of environment and genetics on behavior by comparing similarities between biological relatives raised apart and together.

Question 14

Biological influences of the development of psychopathology are explored through studies of:

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed (brain structure and functioning, central nervous system functioning, and maturational rates) are aspects of biological influences that are explored in studies related to the development of psychopathology.

Question 15

The unique aspects of the family that each sibling experiences differently than the others is known as:

Accepted Answer

Nonshared environment refers to the aspects of the environment that are unique to each individual, even among siblings, leading to differences in their experiences and development.

Question 16

Learning theory, with a focus on the consequences that follow behavior, is conceptualized within the:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral theory focuses on the consequences that follow behavior, emphasizing how external stimuli and the resulting consequences shape behavior patterns.

Question 17

Within the cognitive-behavioral theory, which of the following is considered LEAST important in understanding the development of psychopathology?

Accepted Answer

Within the cognitive-behavioral theory, the focus is primarily on how behavior, cognitive distortions, and automatic thoughts contribute to the development of psychopathology. Genotype, or genetic makeup, is considered less important in this theory, which emphasizes learned behaviors and thought patterns over inherited traits.

Question 18

Jackson, a 13-year-old, is constantly arguing with his father.He gets in fights at school and even argues with his teachers on occasion.From a family theory perspective, what might be occurring for Jackson?

Accepted Answer

In family systems theory, the "identified problem" or "identified patient" is often the family member who is seen as the source of the family's issues, even though the problem may be systemic. Jackson's behavior might be a symptom of broader family dynamics.

Question 19

Many family therapists find that families want to maintain the same patterns of behavior, even when the behavior is troubling.The family's tendency to stay the same is known as:

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the tendency of a system, such as a family system, to maintain internal stability and resist change. In the context of family therapy, this concept explains why families often resist changing behaviors, even when those behaviors are problematic.

Question 20

According to family theories, which of the following statements about culture and family functioning is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Healthy families can exhibit a wide variety of patterns of functioning that are influenced by their cultural backgrounds. The statement that healthy families have the same patterns of functioning regardless of their culture is false because cultural norms and values significantly impact family dynamics, communication styles, and definitions of what constitutes a "healthy" family.

Quiz 2: Theories of Normality and Abnormality in Children and Adolescents