Question 1

Researchers examined the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. 540 students were selected to participate in the study, however, 93 did not answer the questions about violence and were thus not included in the study. Not answering the violence questions is an example of
A) Exclusion criteria
B) Follow up error
C) Quota sampling
D) Sampling bias

Accepted Answer

Exclusion criteria refer to the conditions or factors that disqualify participants from being included in a study. In this case, not answering the violence questions led to the exclusion of those participants from the study.

Question 2

In a study, patients were eligible to participate in the study if they were admitted to the selected hospital units, were 21 years or older, spoke and understood Swedish and were able to participate in a short interview. These attributes are examples of:
A) Exclusion criteria
B) Sampling methods
C) Inclusion criteria
D) Sampling bias

Accepted Answer

These attributes are examples of inclusion criteria, which are the characteristics that participants must have to be eligible for the study.

Question 3

Researchers examined symptom distress and palliative care designation among a sample of 900 hospitalized adult patients. The report a significant Pearson's correlation for pain and distress of (r=0.91). Which statement is correct?
A) The is an example of stratified sampling.
B) This is probability sampling.
C) You are unable to determine the sampling method from this information.
D) Pain and distress is worse at this hospital.

Accepted Answer

The information provided does not specify the sampling method used, so it is not possible to determine whether stratified or probability sampling was used.

Question 4

You conduct a study to assess parenting responsibilities. Part of your study involves recording if children are picked up by their mothers, fathers, or other individuals. You decide to gather this data on two different Fridays that are the first and third Fridays of the month. You discover that 67% of children are picked up from daycare by their father. Upon further examination, one of your observers points out that the first and third Fridays of each month are typically when fathers have their children with shared custody arrangements in your town. You realize both Fridays you collected data were on leading into those weekends. You realize your data may not be accurate because of:
A) sampling bias
B) sampling error
C) inadequate sample size
D) all of these factors impacted the lack of accuracy

Accepted Answer

The answer of You conduct a study to assess parenting...

Question 5

You conduct a randomized study and find in your sample of patients admitted to the hospital with dementia, 31% will have a return emergency room visit within three months of discharge. National data becomes available at the end of the year, which then shows that within the full population of patients with dementia who are admitted to the hospital the actual return to ED rate within three months was 29%. You conclude:
A) Your estimate was wrong.
B) The difference reflects sampling error.
C) There is a statistically significant difference in the sample and population estimates.
D) We would expect the population value to be less than the sample value because of the larger sample.

Accepted Answer

The difference between the sample estimate (31%) and the population value (29%) likely reflects sampling error, which is the natural variability that occurs when estimating a population parameter from a sample.

Question 6

You are enrolling swimmers in a study on lung capacity. You want 25% of your sample to be those who compete at 100m or less distances and 50% to be swimmers who compete at 100m-500m distances and 25% to be swimmers who compete at >500m distances. You begin enrolling for your study at 5am at the pool. By 9 AM you have all of your 100-500m swimmers enrolled, and all of your >500m swimmers enrolled. This is an example of what type of sampling method?
A) probability sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

Accepted Answer

Quota sampling involves selecting a sample that reflects the characteristics of the whole population, but it is non-random. In this case, the researcher is filling quotas for each category of swimmer based on predetermined percentages.

Question 7

You are using quota sampling to enroll 100 swimmers in a study on lung capacity. You want 25% of your sample to be those who compete at 100m or less distances and 50% to be swimmers who compete at 100m-500m distances and 25% to be swimmers who compete at >500m distances. You begin enrolling for your study at 5am at the pool. By 9 AM you have all of your 100-500m swimmers enrolled, and all of your >500m swimmers enrolled. You still need four more swimmers who compete at 100m or less. You should:
A) keep enrolling all swimmers who are interested
B) only enroll swimmers who compete at 100m or less
C) adjust your sample size and calculate your estimates with n=96
D) enroll the next four swimmers to arrive and complete your sample

Accepted Answer

Quota sampling requires filling specific quotas for each subgroup. Since you still need swimmers who compete at 100m or less, you should only enroll those to meet the quota.

Question 8

You are reading a study about the relationship between years of heroin use and risk of future overdose. You notice that the researchers randomly selected their sample in a tertiary care emergency room but did not exclude those who were there for treatment for overdose. You are concerned that recruiting at a site that treats patients who have overdosed may overestimate the risk of overdose with this sampling methodology. This could be an example of:
A) sampling bias
B) sampling error
C) increased specificity
D) increased sensitivity

Accepted Answer

Sampling bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population, which can happen if the sample is drawn from a specific subgroup, such as patients who have already overdosed, leading to an overestimation of the risk of overdose.

Question 9

You are reading a study which randomly selected subjects from three randomly selected zip codes. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?
A) probability sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into clusters (in this case, zip codes) and then randomly selecting entire clusters to study.

Question 10

You are reading a study which randomly selected and enrolled 45 prisoners from a population of 300,000 prisoners. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?
A) simple random sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling involves selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population, where each individual has an equal chance of being chosen. In this case, 45 prisoners were randomly selected from a population of 300,000, fitting the definition of simple random sampling.

Question 11

You are reading a study which randomly selected and enrolled every 60th prisoner from a population of 300,000 prisoners. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?
A) systematic
B) stratified sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

Accepted Answer

Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth individual from a list or sequence, which is what is described in the study.

Question 12

You are reading a study which asked 60 students enrolled in the local high school to self-report drug use, sexual activity and college education plans. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?
A) systematic
B) convenience sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling is used here as the study involves selecting students who are easily accessible, such as those enrolled in the local high school.

Question 13

You are conducting a study that examines the impact of imprisonment on mental health. In your state, 15% of prisoners are imprisoned for >5 years and 85% are imprisoned for < 5 years. You want your sample to reflect these population parameters so you randomly select 15% of your sample from prisoners who have been imprisoned for >5 years and you randomly select 85% of your sample from prisoners who have been imprisoned for <5 years. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology? A) systematic B) stratified sampling C) cluster sampling D) quota sampling

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and randomly sampling from each subgroup to ensure the sample reflects the population's characteristics.

Question 14

You are conducting a study that asks pediatric patients admitted to your unit about their anxiety level. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?
A) systematic sampling
B) convenience sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which the researcher selects participants who are readily available and willing to participate in the study. This type of sampling is often used in studies that are conducted in a clinical setting, such as the study described in the question.

Question 15

You are conducting a study utilizing quota sampling to determine how age impacts anxiety in pediatric patients. You want half of your sample to be <8 years old and half to be >8 years old. You begin enrolling on your unit and complete enrolling the >8-year-old portion of your sample the first day and still need 6 more subjects who are <8 years old. You return the second day and begin by taking the following action: A) randomly select six more subjects who are <8years old B) enroll all of those who are<8 years old and eligible to participate that day C) estimate your sampling error by determining the age of all patients that day D) enroll the first six patients who are <8 years old and eligible to participate

Accepted Answer

Quota sampling involves selecting participants to meet a specific quota. Since you need six more subjects who are <8 years old, you should enroll the first six patients who meet this criterion and are eligible.

Question 16

What you are selecting a sampling methodology you should consider:
A) feasibility
B) cost
C) the question you are trying to answer
D) all of these factors

Accepted Answer

All of these factors should be considered when selecting a sampling methodology to ensure the approach is practical, affordable, and suitable for addressing the research question.

Question 17

If you randomly select 50 samples from a population you can develop a:
A) sampling distribution
B) a parameter
C) convenience sample
D) none of these

Accepted Answer

A sampling distribution is created by taking repeated samples from a population and calculating a statistic (like the mean) for each sample.

Question 18

You want to conduct a study using probability sampling. You might consider what approach:
A) quota sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) purposive sampling

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method in which the population is divided into strata, and then a sample is randomly selected from each stratum. This method ensures that the sample is representative of the population in terms of the strata.

Question 19

You are reading a study that reports selecting a random sample of hospitals and estimating admission delay times. You know this is an example of:
A) quota sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) cluster sampling

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling involves selecting a random sample of groups (in this case, hospitals) and then studying all or a random sample of elements within those groups.

Question 20

You are reading a study that reports selecting a random sample of hospitals and estimating admission delay times. You know this is an example of:
A) probability sampling
B) nonprobability sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) sampling bias

Accepted Answer

The study describes selecting a random sample, which is a characteristic of probability sampling, where each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected.

Quiz 5: Sampling Methods

In a study, patients were eligible to participate in the study if they were admitted to the selected hospital units, were 21 years or older, spoke and understood Swedish and were able to participate in a short interview. These attributes are examples of:

Researchers examined symptom distress and palliative care designation among a sample of 900 hospitalized adult patients. The report a significant Pearson's correlation for pain and distress of (r=0.91) . Which statement is correct?

You are reading a study which randomly selected subjects from three randomly selected zip codes. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?

You are reading a study which randomly selected and enrolled 45 prisoners from a population of 300,000 prisoners. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?

You are reading a study which randomly selected and enrolled every 60th prisoner from a population of 300,000 prisoners. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?

You are reading a study which asked 60 students enrolled in the local high school to self-report drug use, sexual activity and college education plans. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?

You are conducting a study that asks pediatric patients admitted to your unit about their anxiety level. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology?

What you are selecting a sampling methodology you should consider:

If you randomly select 50 samples from a population you can develop a:

You want to conduct a study using probability sampling. You might consider what approach:

You are reading a study that reports selecting a random sample of hospitals and estimating admission delay times. You know this is an example of:

You are reading a study that reports selecting a random sample of hospitals and estimating admission delay times. You know this is an example of: