Question 1

How can the ethics of child adoption be compared to the ethical justification for taking risks and trying new assisted reproductive technologies?
A) The psychological intent and social commitment of genetic parents is greater than those of non-biological parents in the case of adoption.
B) Innovative infertility treatments that break genetic ties can be just as successful as the socially and legally accepted practice of child adoption.
C) Adoption is an ancient and widespread practice, the same as assisted reproductive technology is long-standing and socially accepted.
D) New infertility treatments are just an extension of the concept of adoption since both require the same social commitment from parents.

Accepted Answer

Innovative infertility treatments that break genetic ties can be ethically justified similarly to adoption, as both involve creating family bonds beyond biological connections and require social and legal acceptance.

Question 2

Which of the following ethical standards would be proposed by Callahan with the aim of safeguarding the well-being of a potential child, individual parents, family structures, and positive moral values of society?
A) It is ethically permissible to use an alternative reproductive technology if it makes it possible for a socially adequate, married heterosexual couple to have a child that the couple would normally expect to have but cannot because of infertility.
B) Professionals should consider alternative reproductive technology as morally responsible only if it is medically safe for the individual women and men involved in creating the nascent life, regardless of the outcome of the potential child.
C) The prevailing religious values of a society should dictate the ethical considerations of both the individual parents, family arrangements and methods of conceptions, whether natural or artificial, to be considered morally responsible.
D) An alternative reproductive technology is ethically responsible for use by qualified professionals that aim to do no harm to the potential life of a child and allow for the genetic mother's autonomy to be preserved.

Accepted Answer

Callahan proposed that alternative reproductive technologies should be used to allow a socially adequate, married heterosexual couple to have a child they would normally expect to have but cannot due to infertility, focusing on the well-being of the child, parents, and societal values.

Question 3

Although infertility is not classifiable as a disease and is never life-threatening, which of the following is true regarding its consequences?
A) Infertility prevents a married couple for living a worthwhile, happy life.
B) One's masculinity or femininity is greatly enhanced by producing a child.
C) Infertility can cause intense suffering and be a dysfunction of normal life.
D) A couple's desire to procreate cannot be fulfilled by reproductive technology.

Accepted Answer

Infertility can cause emotional distress and be considered a dysfunction of normal life, affecting individuals and couples deeply.

Question 4

According to Callahan, which of the following is the most troubling thing that proponents of third-party donors in alternative reproduction often ignore?
A) Individuals live out their lives within complex familial ecologic systems.
B) What happens after the conception, production, and procurement of a baby.
C) Why and how one gets a baby they desire makes no difference in the long run.
D) Single men and women or homosexual couples deserve reproductive opportunities.

Accepted Answer

Callahan argues that proponents often overlook the long-term implications and consequences that arise after the initial stages of conception and procurement of a baby through third-party donors.

Question 5

Which of the following types of families would Callahan argue produce the most biological and cultural advantages for its immediate and extended members?
A) a committed man and woman that are willing to raise either their genetically own or an adopted child
B) parents, either genetically or legally bound to a child, that provide both physically and emotionally
C) two married heterosexual parents who also are the genetic, gestational, and rearing parents
D) either married heterosexuals, single men and women, or homosexual couples that desire a child

Accepted Answer

Callahan argues that two married heterosexual parents who are also the genetic, gestational, and rearing parents provide the most biological and cultural advantages due to the traditional family structure and biological connections.

Question 6

From an evolutionary point of view, which of the following examples of a family structure provides the most protection, defense, and complex long-term nurture and socialization of an offspring?
A) a sea turtle that lays its eggs deep down in the sand
B) a common garter snake that gives birth to live young
C) a salmon that returns to its birthplace to reproduce
D) a chimpanzee that carries around its infant in the forest

Accepted Answer

Chimpanzees, like other primates, have complex social structures and provide extensive care, protection, and socialization to their offspring, which is crucial for their development and survival.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the trend in Western cultural family ideals?
A) The family arrangement has become less patriarchal as societies recognize the equal moral worth and rights of family members.
B) Families strive to simply maintain law, order, and stable continuity as their primary goal.
C) Men and women make a commitment to procreate and provide a stable environment for any future offspring.
D) Cultural norms include biological realities that produce altruistic bonds between generations.

Accepted Answer

Western cultural family ideals have increasingly moved towards recognizing the equal rights and moral worth of all family members, leading to less patriarchal structures.

Question 8

Why can it be said that extended family is important for family life for both practical and psychological reasons?
A) A reproductive couple and its children exist as a unit outside of siblings, cousins, aunts, uncles, and grandparents.
B) Individual identity is rooted in biologically based descent and cooperative kinship networks within larger social groups.
C) An extended family helps children achieve the provision of unconditional altruistic care despite status ascribed by birth.
D) Human beings exist within a family's cultural envelope that is dictated by evolutionary biology and societal norms.

Accepted Answer

Individual identity is rooted in biologically based descent and cooperative kinship networks within larger social groups.

Question 9

What does the Whitehead-Stern court dispute most accurately demonstrate about the importance of role of the family structure in alternative reproductive technology?
A) the divisive chaos and suffering that is possible in third-party surrogate arrangements
B) that a homosexual couple cannot handle the responsibilities of parenthood
C) an unmarried woman alone does not have the kinship structure to raise a child
D) unforeseen disagreements between an unmarried heterosexual couple arise

Accepted Answer

The Whitehead-Stern court dispute highlights the potential for conflict and emotional distress in surrogate arrangements, emphasizing the complexities and challenges that can arise in third-party reproductive technologies.

Question 10

Which of the following is most distressing about the burgeoning enterprise of egg donation, according to Callahan?
A) the development of the nascent embryo
B) financial burdens of clients looking for a deal
C) the physiologic health of women donors
D) advertisement to lure in unsuspecting women

Accepted Answer

The physiologic health of women donors is the most distressing aspect of the burgeoning enterprise of egg donation, according to Callahan.

Question 11

A married couple is unable to conceive on their own. The wife's younger single sister freely volunteers to donate a viable egg to the couple. What difficulty might Callahan have with this seemingly altruistic arrangement?
A) This self-sacrifice is being directed to fulfill the desires of the adult parents, not of the child who will be born.
B) A member of the extended family should not feel obligated to fill the role nature has designated for a biological parent.
C) The younger sister is not married; therefore, this violates the moral principle that only heterosexual married couples should conceive a child.
D) No financial responsibility is being taken for the inevitable discomfort from invasive procedures or powerful drugs the donor will need to receive.

Accepted Answer

Callahan might argue that the arrangement prioritizes the desires of the adult parents over the potential needs and rights of the child who will be born, raising ethical concerns about the motivations behind the decision.

Question 12

What is the inevitable result of commercialization of reproduction, which is governed by contract and the purchase of body parts and functions?
A) legitimization of genetic kinship occurs
B) familial culture becomes fragmented and alienated
C) experimentation off innovative technology suffers
D) individual self-worth exponentially declines

Accepted Answer

Commercialization of reproduction can lead to fragmentation and alienation of familial culture as traditional family structures and relationships may be disrupted by contractual and commercial arrangements.

Question 13

Which of the following is Callahan likely to conclude regarding the ethics of sexuality and reproduction?
A) Sexual activity is only acceptable for the purpose of procreation, therefore any other goal would be considered exploitation.
B) A person's reproductive capacities should be used for procreation that satisfies the desires of consenting adults to have offspring to raise.
C) A surrogacy arrangement is acceptable if the gestational mother is compensated financially for her hardships.
D) Lust is morally wrong outside of committed loving relationships because it disregards the whole person in the pursuit of sensual gratification.

Accepted Answer

Callahan is likely to conclude that lust is morally wrong outside of committed loving relationships because it disregards the whole person in the pursuit of sensual gratification, aligning with a more traditional ethical view on sexuality.

Question 14

In most cases, an egg or sperm donor contracts to include future interactions with a potential offspring.

Accepted Answer

Most egg or sperm donor contracts typically do not include provisions for future interactions with potential offspring, as donors often choose anonymity or limited contact.

Quiz 4: The Ethical Challenges of the New Reproductive Technologies

How can the ethics of child adoption be compared to the ethical justification for taking risks and trying new assisted reproductive technologies?

Which of the following ethical standards would be proposed by Callahan with the aim of safeguarding the well-being of a potential child, individual parents, family structures, and positive moral values of society?

Although infertility is not classifiable as a disease and is never life-threatening, which of the following is true regarding its consequences?

According to Callahan, which of the following is the most troubling thing that proponents of third-party donors in alternative reproduction often ignore?

Which of the following types of families would Callahan argue produce the most biological and cultural advantages for its immediate and extended members?

From an evolutionary point of view, which of the following examples of a family structure provides the most protection, defense, and complex long-term nurture and socialization of an offspring?

Which of the following best describes the trend in Western cultural family ideals?

Why can it be said that extended family is important for family life for both practical and psychological reasons?

What does the Whitehead-Stern court dispute most accurately demonstrate about the importance of role of the family structure in alternative reproductive technology?

Which of the following is most distressing about the burgeoning enterprise of egg donation, according to Callahan?

A married couple is unable to conceive on their own. The wife's younger single sister freely volunteers to donate a viable egg to the couple. What difficulty might Callahan have with this seemingly altruistic arrangement?

What is the inevitable result of commercialization of reproduction, which is governed by contract and the purchase of body parts and functions?

Which of the following is Callahan likely to conclude regarding the ethics of sexuality and reproduction?

In most cases, an egg or sperm donor contracts to include future interactions with a potential offspring.