Question 1

Family Systems theorists are interested in understanding how mothers and fathers function together in their roles as parents. They label these interactions ______.

Accepted Answer

Family Systems theorists use the term "co-parenting" to describe how mothers and fathers function together in their roles as parents, focusing on their interactions and cooperation in raising their children.

Question 2

Aisha's parents sometimes argue, but quickly work through the conflict. Sometimes they come to an agreement and other times they just agree to disagree. According to the Emotional Security Hypothesis theory, Aisha will ______.

Accepted Answer

According to the Emotional Security Hypothesis, children can suffer few negative effects from parental arguments if those conflicts are resolved in a healthy manner. Aisha witnessing her parents work through conflict and come to resolutions, whether by agreement or agreeing to disagree, provides a model of constructive conflict resolution, which can contribute to her emotional security.

Question 3

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development that generally characterizes preschool children (2-7 years old) is the ______ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, preschool children (2-7 years old) are in the preoperational stage. This stage is characterized by the development of language, memory, and imagination, but thinking is done in a non-logical and non-reversible manner.

Question 4

At nearly 14 years of age, Jillian's thought process is more complex than when she was younger. According to Piaget, the core difference is her ability to use and understand ______ concepts.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, by the age of approximately 12 years and onwards, individuals enter the formal operational stage, where they develop the ability to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.

Question 5

Jackson is 10 years old. He spends hours counting and organizing his Legos collection. He enjoys completing the tasks on his own. Erikson's would say that Jackson is in the ______ stage of emotional development.

Accepted Answer

Jackson is in the industry versus inferiority stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 5 and 12. This stage is characterized by a focus on developing a sense of pride in accomplishments and abilities through tasks and projects, such as organizing and counting Legos.

Question 6

Which of the following does NOT correctly match Ellen Galinsky's six stages of parenting with their respective age of the child?

Accepted Answer

Galinsky's interpretive stage is typically associated with middle childhood, not the 10-18 years range. This stage is when parents help children interpret their experiences with the world, usually occurring before adolescence.

Question 7

All of the following are included in the Microsystem of the Ecological Systems Model EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

The Microsystem level of the Ecological Systems Model includes structures with which the individual has direct contact, such as family, school, and peers. Neighbors are considered part of the Exosystem or Mesosystem, depending on the level of interaction and influence they have on the individual's immediate environment.

Question 8

It is argued that the Control theory model is best suited to account for parent-child relationships during times of ______.

Accepted Answer

Control theory is often applied to situations of disequilibrium, where there is a need to manage and adjust behaviors to restore balance, making it suitable for parent-child relationships during such times.

Question 9

According to the Self-Determination theory, all of the following scenarios exhibit parenting qualities that help promote children's well-being EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Self-Determination Theory emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Enforcing a perspective on a child (choice B) undermines their autonomy, contrasting with the theory's principles that support well-being through encouragement of choice and understanding. Choices A, C, and D promote autonomy, competence, and relatedness, aligning with the theory.

Question 10

According to Erikson's eight life stages, from 1 to 3 years, the main psychosocial challenge is between autonomy versus ______, while early adulthood consists of a challenge of intimacy versus ______.

Accepted Answer

From 1 to 3 years, the challenge is autonomy versus shame. In early adulthood, the challenge is intimacy versus isolation.

Question 11

Sewell and Mussen's (1952) study using Freud's theory to test effects of different feeding histories, such as gradual versus abrupt weaning, on personality or behavioral problems served to support Freud's work.

Accepted Answer

Sewell and Mussen's study did not find significant support for Freud's theories regarding the effects of different feeding histories on personality or behavioral problems, challenging the direct applicability of Freud's ideas in this context.

Question 12

In several meta-analyses of Rohner's theory, the data were supportive of the central tenets of his Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory, but the results did not hold up across cultures.

Accepted Answer

Rohner's Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory (IPARTheory) has been supported by meta-analyses across different cultures, indicating its central tenets are generally applicable across cultural boundaries.

Question 13

It is widely accepted that monetary or material rewards can be an effective substitute for the attention that children crave in serving as a reinforcement for positive behavior.

Accepted Answer

While monetary or material rewards can temporarily encourage certain behaviors, they do not substitute for the emotional and psychological needs met by attention and affection, which are crucial for healthy child development.

Question 14

In most societies, alloparenting is essential to meeting the needs of children and can have long-term effects on their physical, social, and mental health.

Accepted Answer

Alloparenting, which involves caregiving by individuals other than the biological parents, can significantly contribute to a child's development by providing additional social, emotional, and practical support, thereby positively affecting their overall well-being and health.

Question 15

When Laura yells at her son, Mikey, who is an aggressive, impulsive child, she is displaying an evocative role in parenting.

Accepted Answer

Laura's behavior is an example of an evocative role because Mikey's aggressive and impulsive traits likely elicit or provoke a specific response from her, in this case, yelling. This interaction demonstrates how a child's characteristics can evoke certain reactions from their environment, including their parents.

Question 16

Lihua is very athletic and convinced her parents to allow her to join a volleyball team. As a result, Lihua and her family form many new experiences and friendships as they attend practices and tournaments. The influence of these new encounters is best described under Social Learning theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lihua is very athletic and convinced her...

Question 17

In accordance with Control theory, a young child screaming in a public space would be a violation of the parent's lower limit of tolerance for the intensity of the child's behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In accordance with Control theory, a young...

Question 18

An infant's cry eliciting rapid caregiver attention is an example of an evolved characteristics related to parenting which would increase the survival of the human species.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of an evolved characteristic because it demonstrates how infants' cries have naturally selected traits that ensure they receive immediate care and protection, thereby increasing their chances of survival and, by extension, the continuation of the human species.

Question 19

In Bandura's famous "Bobo doll" studies, they demonstrated that despite watching a video of children hitting a Bobo doll, the children were not any more likely to engage in aggressive behavior.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's "Bobo doll" studies demonstrated that children who observed aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll were more likely to imitate this aggressive behavior themselves, showing the impact of observational learning on aggression.

Question 20

Role strain refers to the tension between roles that share the same status, as opposed to the tension that might arise between roles of different status.

Accepted Answer

Role strain occurs when there are conflicting demands within the same role, not between different roles of varying statuses.

Quiz 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Parenting