Question 1

How did Durkheim disagree with Rousseau on the importance of society?
A) Rousseau felt that society damaged mankind, taking them out of a pure, primitive state, and Durkheim argued that society is what makes us human.
B) Durkheim rejected the concept of society as impure, while Rousseau felt society created civilization.
C) Rousseau asserted that society could only be studied by observation, but Durkheim used meta-analysis instead.
D) Rousseau's ideas were inherently impractical, since he was a philosopher; Durkheim took a more pragmatic approach.

Accepted Answer

Rousseau believed that society corrupted the natural goodness of humans, while Durkheim argued that society is essential for the development of human culture and morality, essentially making us human.

Question 2

Who felt that humans could NOT exist without society?
A) Rousseau
B) Durkheim
C) Schaeffle
D) Comte

Accepted Answer

Durkheim believed that society is an entity in its own right and that individuals are shaped by societal forces, implying that humans could not exist without society. He emphasized the importance of social facts and the collective conscience in shaping individual behavior.

Question 3

Rousseau and Durkheim agreed that ______.
A) society exists outside of human influence
B) socialization is an unchanging force
C) humans are shaped by their society
D) man is an island

Accepted Answer

Rousseau and Durkheim both believed that society plays a significant role in shaping individuals. Rousseau discussed how society influences human behavior and morality, while Durkheim focused on how societal structures and norms impact individuals' actions and thoughts.

Question 4

The process by which a person learns the norms and customs of society is known as ______.
A) structural functionalism
B) socialization
C) symbolic interactionism
D) conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, norms, and social practices of their culture and society.

Question 5

Which theoretical perspective equates the parts of society to parts of a body, all working together for the survival of the whole?
A) Feminist theory
B) Symbolic interactionism
C) Conflict theory
D) Structural functionalism

Accepted Answer

Structural functionalism views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability, similar to the organs of a body working together for the survival of the organism.

Question 6

Each part of society has its own expected beliefs, behaviors, and norms, collectively known as ______.
A) patriarchy
B) socialization
C) roles
D) structure

Accepted Answer

Roles are the expected beliefs, behaviors, and norms associated with each part of society, defining how individuals in those parts are supposed to act.

Question 7

One person may be a mother, daughter, sister, aunt, manager, wife, student, and friend, each of which carries different behavioral expectations. These are all examples of ______.
A) oppression
B) roles
C) socialization
D) compartmentalization

Accepted Answer

These are examples of roles, which refer to the patterns of behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status in society. Each role (mother, daughter, sister, aunt, manager, wife, student, and friend) comes with its own set of expectations and behaviors.

Question 8

According to structural functionalist Talcott parsons, what must happen for the smooth functioning of society?
A) Patriarchy is eliminated in favor of matriarchy.
B) Everyone understands and abides by society's rules and values.
C) All social classes are treated equally.
D) The ruling class determines and dominates social norms.

Accepted Answer

Talcott Parsons, a key figure in structural functionalism, argued that for society to function smoothly, its members must share a common understanding of societal norms and values. This shared understanding helps maintain order and allows the various parts of society to work together harmoniously.

Question 9

What is the main difference between the structural functionalism and conflict theory perspectives?
A) Structural functionalism focuses on competition between groups, while conflict theory studies routes to harmony between groups.
B) Conflict theory is more optimistic and accepting than structural functionalism, which looks mostly at oppression.
C) Conflict theory is based on clashes between social classes, and structural functionalism describes how people should work together.
D) Structural functionalism rejects the importance of the status quo, while conflict theory supports it.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory emphasizes the struggles between different social classes, highlighting the inherent conflicts and inequalities in society. Structural functionalism, on the other hand, views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability, focusing on the roles that different aspects or institutions of society play in maintaining social order.

Question 10

The struggle to maintain the status quo and friction between social classes is a hallmark of which sociological perspective?
A) Conflict theory
B) Symbolic interactionism
C) Structural functionalism
D) Postmodernist theory

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory, originally formulated by Karl Marx, focuses on the struggle between social classes and the conflicts that arise from inequalities within society, making it the perspective that best describes the struggle to maintain the status quo and friction between social classes.

Question 11

What theorist saw society as based on the clash between owners of the means of production and those who work for them?
A) Mead
B) Kohn
C) Marx
D) Durkheim

Accepted Answer

Karl Marx is the theorist who saw society as fundamentally divided between the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie) and the workers (the proletariat), with societal development and change being driven by the conflicts between these classes.

Question 12

The manner in which societies tend to value men and their contributions more highly than women and their contributions is called ______.
A) oppression
B) feminism
C) chauvinism
D) patriarchy

Accepted Answer

Patriarchy refers to a social system in which men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. It is characterized by the valuation of men and their contributions more highly than those of women.

Question 13

Who helped the poor, challenged the status quo, and won a Nobel Peace Prize despite being labeled the most dangerous woman in America?
A) Harriet Martineau
B) Jane Addams
C) Karen Horney
D) Betty Friedan

Accepted Answer

Jane Addams was a pioneering social worker and activist, founder of Hull House in Chicago, who worked tirelessly to help the poor and challenge societal norms. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her efforts in promoting peace and was once dubbed "the most dangerous woman in America" due to her advocacy for change and social justice.

Question 14

Who is considered the first female sociologist after she translated Comte's works into English and studied slavery and gender inequality?
A) Jane Addams
B) Karen Horney
C) Harriett Martineau
D) Betty Friedan

Accepted Answer

Harriett Martineau is considered the first female sociologist, notably for her translations of Auguste Comte's work into English and her own studies on slavery and gender inequality, which laid foundational concepts in sociology.

Question 15

What aspect of socialization was Melvin Kohn studying during interviews with working and middle class parents about values considered important for their children?
A) Social class
B) Gender roles
C) Family structures
D) Educational system

Accepted Answer

Melvin Kohn's research focused on how social class influences the values parents deem important for their children, finding that working-class parents often emphasize conformity and obedience, while middle-class parents stress independence and self-direction.

Question 16

In Kohn's study, when some mothers encouraged their sons to perform well in school, but encouraged their daughters to be polite, they were perpetuating ______.
A) class conflict
B) back-stage roles
C) gender inequality
D) defensive practices

Accepted Answer

Encouraging different behaviors based on gender, such as academic achievement for sons and politeness for daughters, perpetuates gender inequality by reinforcing traditional gender roles and expectations.

Question 17

Which two perspectives view socialization as a top-down process, and people as merely recipients of norms, values, and expectations?
A) Symbolic interactionism and conflict theory
B) Structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism
C) Conflict theory and structural functionalism
D) Feminist theory and symbolic interactionism

Accepted Answer

Structural functionalism and conflict theory view socialization as a top-down process, where society imposes its norms, values, and expectations on individuals, who are seen more as recipients of these elements rather than active agents in their own socialization.

Question 18

People are seen as active participants in their own socialization in which sociological perspective?
A) Conflict theory
B) Structural functionalism
C) Feminist theory
D) Symbolic interactionism

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the individual and the ways in which individuals actively shape their world through their interactions and interpretations of those interactions. This perspective emphasizes the role of individuals in creating, maintaining, and changing social realities through their actions and interactions.

Question 19

According to symbolic interactionists, the meaning of things comes from ______.
A) their natural meaning
B) social interactions between people
C) society's elite
D) a universal understanding

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that suggests the meanings of things are derived from social interactions between people. It emphasizes that people interpret and define their social reality through the process of social interaction, rather than meanings being inherent or universally understood.

Question 20

In which of Mead's stages of role playing do children imitate significant others without understanding the purposes of the behavior?
A) Role-taking
B) Preparatory
C) Game
D) Generalized other

Accepted Answer

In the preparatory stage, children mimic or imitate the behaviors of significant others, such as parents or family members, without yet grasping the underlying intentions or societal norms behind those actions. This stage is foundational for developing the ability to take the roles of others later on.

Quiz 2: Socialization and Social Interaction

How did Durkheim disagree with Rousseau on the importance of society?

Who felt that humans could NOT exist without society?

Rousseau and Durkheim agreed that ______.

The process by which a person learns the norms and customs of society is known as ______.

Which theoretical perspective equates the parts of society to parts of a body, all working together for the survival of the whole?

Each part of society has its own expected beliefs, behaviors, and norms, collectively known as ______.

One person may be a mother, daughter, sister, aunt, manager, wife, student, and friend, each of which carries different behavioral expectations. These are all examples of ______.

According to structural functionalist Talcott parsons, what must happen for the smooth functioning of society?

What is the main difference between the structural functionalism and conflict theory perspectives?

The struggle to maintain the status quo and friction between social classes is a hallmark of which sociological perspective?

What theorist saw society as based on the clash between owners of the means of production and those who work for them?

The manner in which societies tend to value men and their contributions more highly than women and their contributions is called ______.

Who helped the poor, challenged the status quo, and won a Nobel Peace Prize despite being labeled the most dangerous woman in America?

Who is considered the first female sociologist after she translated Comte's works into English and studied slavery and gender inequality?

What aspect of socialization was Melvin Kohn studying during interviews with working and middle class parents about values considered important for their children?

In Kohn's study, when some mothers encouraged their sons to perform well in school, but encouraged their daughters to be polite, they were perpetuating ______.

Which two perspectives view socialization as a top-down process, and people as merely recipients of norms, values, and expectations?

People are seen as active participants in their own socialization in which sociological perspective?

According to symbolic interactionists, the meaning of things comes from ______.

In which of Mead's stages of role playing do children imitate significant others without understanding the purposes of the behavior?