Question 1

The practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary legal codes began to wane during the 19th century.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary...

Question 2

Cesare Beccaria founded the positivist school.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria is best known for his work in the classical school of criminology, not the positivist school.

Question 3

Enlightenment ideas form the basis of positivism.

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The answer of Enlightenment ideas form the basis of positivism....

Question 4

Durkheim pioneered the idea of the hedonistic calculus.

Accepted Answer

The concept of the hedonistic calculus is most closely associated with Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher and social reformer known for founding the doctrine of utilitarianism, rather than Émile Durkheim, who was a sociologist focusing on social cohesion and the functions of societal institutions.

Question 5

The goal of retributive justice is simple deterrence.

Accepted Answer

Retributive justice focuses on punishment proportionate to the crime committed, aiming to ensure that offenders receive their just deserts, rather than primarily deterring future crimes.

Question 6

Restitutive justice is characterized by making amends.

Accepted Answer

Restitutive justice focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal or wrongful acts, often through compensation or restitution to the victim.

Question 7

Rehabilitation reflects the "just deserts" model of punishment.

Accepted Answer

Rehabilitation focuses on reforming the offender to prevent future offenses, while the "just deserts" model emphasizes punishment proportionate to the severity of the crime, based on the principle of retribution.

Question 8

Criminals regularly consider punitive probabilities when deciding whether to continue committing crimes.

Accepted Answer

Research in criminology and behavioral economics suggests that criminals often weigh the risks, including the likelihood of being caught and the severity of potential punishment, against the rewards of committing crimes. This decision-making process indicates that punitive probabilities can influence criminal behavior.

Question 9

The goal of incapacitation is to prepare offenders to reenter society.

Accepted Answer

The goal of incapacitation is to prevent offenders from committing future crimes by detaining them in prison or another facility, not specifically to prepare them for reentry into society.

Question 10

Selective incapacitation argues for incarcerating only a small number of violent repeat offenders.

Accepted Answer

Selective incapacitation focuses on identifying and incarcerating individuals who are considered to be a high risk for committing further crimes, particularly violent or serious offenses, rather than targeting a broad category of offenders. This approach aims to reduce crime by removing the most dangerous offenders from society.

Question 11

The modern rehabilitation model views criminal behavior as a moral sickness.

Accepted Answer

The modern rehabilitation model views criminal behavior as a result of social, psychological, or economic factors, rather than a moral sickness.

Question 12

Reintegration is a less pragmatic version of rehabilitation.

Accepted Answer

Reintegration is a complementary process to rehabilitation, focusing on the successful return of individuals to their communities and society at large, rather than being a less pragmatic version. Rehabilitation often addresses individual issues (such as health or behavior), while reintegration focuses on societal acceptance and support.

Question 13

The crime control model can be considered an obstacle course in the carrying out of justice.

Accepted Answer

The crime control model is often likened to an assembly line rather than an obstacle course, emphasizing efficiency and speed in processing criminal cases to maintain order and protect society.

Question 14

The crime control and due process models are more about police and courts than corrections.

Accepted Answer

The crime control and due process models primarily focus on the roles and functions of police and courts in the criminal justice system, emphasizing how crimes are investigated, suspects are apprehended, and cases are prosecuted, rather than on the corrections aspect.

Question 15

The United States is closer to a pure crime control model than to a pure due process model.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The United States is closer to a...

Question 16

Raffaele Garofalo argued for individualizing sentencing based on the danger offenders opposed to society. Which school of thought does this represent? What were the three types of criminals he identified?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Raffaele Garofalo argued for individualizing sentencing based...

Question 17

Jeremy Bentham once wrote, "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure." Explain how this relates to the hedonistic calculus.

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The answer of Jeremy Bentham once wrote, "Nature has placed...

Question 18

Explain deterrence as a justification for punishment.

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Briefly explain the difference between the crime control model and the due process model.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly explain the difference between the crime...

Question 20

Evaluate Beccaria's views on crime and punishment. Do you believe his three components of effective punishment are adequate?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 1: The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections