Why Did the Balance of Economic Power Shift to Northern

Why did the balance of economic power shift to northern Europe in the seventeenth century?

A) Northern Europeans began industrializing with factories and heavy industry, while southern Europeans maintained an agricultural economy.
B) Southern Europe experienced a heavy population migration to the New World after the discovery of gold and silver, which left few workers to plow the fields.
C) Northern Europeans invested in new agricultural techniques and the robust Atlantic trade, eclipsing southern Europe's Mediterranean trade and population decline.
D) Northern European privateers plundered the ships filled with gold from Spain and Portugal's New World colonies, leaving those Iberian countries bankrupt.