Question 1

A(n) example(s) of the paradigm shift in victimology is that many victimologists now _____________.

Accepted Answer

Victimology has shifted towards understanding the dynamics of victimization, including identifying risk factors (A) and developing theories on target selection (C), rather than focusing solely on offender rehabilitation or understanding victims' motivations from the offenders' perspective.

Question 2

______________ is not among the perspectives informing environmental criminology.

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory focuses on the societal response to crime and the impact of labeling individuals as criminals, rather than the environmental factors that contribute to crime, which is the focus of environmental criminology.

Question 3

One of the primary implications rational choice theory has for crime prevention is that _____________.

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory suggests that offenders weigh the costs and benefits of committing a crime, including the setting in which it would occur, as part of their decision-making process.

Question 4

Crime pattern theory suggests that "nodes" or busy places can be _________ so that the likelihood of a crime occurring can be reduced.

Accepted Answer

Crime pattern theory suggests that nodes can be designed in a way that reduces the likelihood of crime by considering factors such as visibility, accessibility, and natural surveillance.

Question 5

The three dimensions of defensible space are (1) territoriality, (2) __________, and (3) image and milieu.

Accepted Answer

Natural surveillance is one of the key dimensions of defensible space, along with territoriality and image/milieu, as it involves designing environments to increase visibility and observation, thereby deterring crime.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the main elements of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)?

Accepted Answer

All the options listed (Territorial reinforcement, Natural surveillance, Image and space management, and Target hardening) are indeed main elements of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED).

Question 7

Which of the following concepts do not overlap in CPTED and defensible space?

Accepted Answer

Target hardening is a concept associated with CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) but not typically with defensible space theory. Defensible space focuses on creating environments that allow residents to naturally surveil and control their surroundings, emphasizing natural surveillance, territoriality, and activity support, rather than the physical security measures implied by target hardening.

Question 8

The original 12 techniques of situational crime prevention (SCP) included _____________.

Accepted Answer

The original 12 techniques of situational crime prevention included both "Natural surveillance," which involves strategies to increase the perception that people can be seen (thus deterring potential offenders), and "Identifying property," which makes items more identifiable and therefore harder to sell if stolen, among other techniques.

Question 9

Which of the following is one of the categories in Wortley's (2001) classification of precipitation control strategies?

Accepted Answer

Wortley's (2001) classification of precipitation control strategies includes reducing provocations as a way to prevent crime by minimizing situations that might provoke criminal behavior.

Question 10

SCP strategies to increase the risks of criminal behavior include _____________.

Accepted Answer

SCP (Situational Crime Prevention) strategies aim to increase the perceived risk of being caught for potential offenders. Utilizing place managers, extending guardianship, strengthening formal surveillance, and assisting natural surveillance are all strategies that contribute to this goal by making it harder for crimes to go unnoticed or unchallenged.

Question 11

A possible criticism of SCP is that it is too conservative and managerial when it comes to addressing crime. Clarke's (2005) rebuttal to this criticism is that SCP _____________.

Accepted Answer

SCP has solutions that are economic and socially acceptable.

Question 12

According to Reynald (2011), guardianship in action requires three conditions: (1) ____________, (2) __________, and (3) willingness to intervene directly should a need arise.

Accepted Answer

Reynald (2011) identifies the three conditions necessary for effective guardianship in action as (1) occupancy, which refers to the presence of a guardian in a space, (2) monitoring, which involves the guardian's ability to observe and assess the environment, and (3) willingness to intervene directly should a need arise, indicating the guardian's readiness to act to prevent harm or intervene in a situation.

Question 13

Physical disorders are linked with high levels of fear of crime, lower housing prices, and increased neighborhood dissatisfaction, among other negative consequences.

Accepted Answer

Physical disorders, such as vandalism, graffiti, and dilapidated buildings, can lead to a heightened fear of crime among residents. This fear can decrease the attractiveness of a neighborhood, leading to lower housing prices and increased dissatisfaction among its inhabitants. The presence of physical disorder often signals neglect, which can deter investment and reduce the overall quality of life in the area.

Question 14

The argument behind displacement assumes that _____________.

Accepted Answer

The argument behind displacement assumes that offenders will remain motivated to commit crimes even when their initial efforts are thwarted by crime prevention measures. This suggests that if a specific crime opportunity is blocked, offenders will seek out alternative targets or methods rather than ceasing their criminal behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a possible form of displacement?

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed (Temporal, Tactical, Crime type, Target, Geographic) are recognized forms of displacement in the context of crime prevention and criminology. Displacement refers to the idea that when crime is prevented or blocked in one way, it may simply move or change form rather than be eliminated.

Question 16

Clarke and Weisburd (1994) define diffusion of benefits as the _____________.

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of benefits refers to the phenomenon where the positive effects of a crime prevention or intervention strategy extend beyond the immediate target area or population to affect a wider area or group, without additional measures being implemented in those areas. Clarke and Weisburd (1994) highlighted this concept to describe how interventions can have broader beneficial impacts than initially anticipated.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of an anticipatory benefit?

Accepted Answer

Anticipatory benefits refer to the positive outcomes or effects that occur before an intervention is actually implemented. Choice B, a reduction in the targeted offense before an intervention is implemented, directly aligns with this definition, as it describes a beneficial outcome (reduction in offense) occurring in anticipation of an intervention.

Question 18

Environmental criminology is an important addition to victimology because it _____________.

Accepted Answer

Environmental criminology focuses on the spatial and temporal aspects of crime, providing practical strategies to mitigate risk factors for victimization.

Question 19

As explained by crime pattern theory, nodes, paths, and edges present motivated offenders with _____________.

Accepted Answer

Crime pattern theory suggests that the spatial arrangement of nodes (areas of activity), paths (routes between nodes), and edges (boundaries between different areas) in an environment can present motivated offenders with criminal opportunities. This theory is part of environmental criminology, which focuses on how the physical environment can influence crime rates and patterns.

Question 20

Research has found that restricting or controlling access to potential crime targets or locations for crime can significantly increase victimization risk.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that restricting or controlling access to potential crime targets or locations for crime, a concept known as "target hardening" or situational crime prevention, can significantly decrease victimization risk by making it more difficult for crimes to occur.

Quiz 14: Preventing Victimization With Environmental Criminology

A(n) example(s) of the paradigm shift in victimology is that many victimologists now _____________.

______________ is not among the perspectives informing environmental criminology.

One of the primary implications rational choice theory has for crime prevention is that _____________.

Crime pattern theory suggests that "nodes" or busy places can be _________ so that the likelihood of a crime occurring can be reduced.

The three dimensions of defensible space are (1) territoriality, (2) __________, and (3) image and milieu.

Which of the following is not one of the main elements of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) ?

Which of the following concepts do not overlap in CPTED and defensible space?

The original 12 techniques of situational crime prevention (SCP) included _____________.

Which of the following is one of the categories in Wortley's (2001) classification of precipitation control strategies?

SCP strategies to increase the risks of criminal behavior include _____________.

A possible criticism of SCP is that it is too conservative and managerial when it comes to addressing crime. Clarke's (2005) rebuttal to this criticism is that SCP _____________.

According to Reynald (2011) , guardianship in action requires three conditions: (1) __, (2) , and (3) willingness to intervene directly should a need arise.

Physical disorders are linked with high levels of fear of crime, lower housing prices, and increased neighborhood dissatisfaction, among other negative consequences.

The argument behind displacement assumes that _____________.

Which of the following is not a possible form of displacement?

Clarke and Weisburd (1994) define diffusion of benefits as the _____________.

Which of the following is an example of an anticipatory benefit?

Environmental criminology is an important addition to victimology because it _____________.

As explained by crime pattern theory, nodes, paths, and edges present motivated offenders with _____________.

Research has found that restricting or controlling access to potential crime targets or locations for crime can significantly increase victimization risk.

Quiz 14: Preventing Victimization With Environmental Criminology

A(n) example(s) of the paradigm shift in victimology is that many victimologists now _____________.

______________ is not among the perspectives informing environmental criminology.

One of the primary implications rational choice theory has for crime prevention is that _____________.

Crime pattern theory suggests that "nodes" or busy places can be _________ so that the likelihood of a crime occurring can be reduced.

The three dimensions of defensible space are (1) territoriality, (2) __________, and (3) image and milieu.

Which of the following is not one of the main elements of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) ?

Which of the following concepts do not overlap in CPTED and defensible space?

The original 12 techniques of situational crime prevention (SCP) included _____________.

Which of the following is one of the categories in Wortley's (2001) classification of precipitation control strategies?

SCP strategies to increase the risks of criminal behavior include _____________.

A possible criticism of SCP is that it is too conservative and managerial when it comes to addressing crime. Clarke's (2005) rebuttal to this criticism is that SCP _____________.

According to Reynald (2011) , guardianship in action requires three conditions: (1) ____________, (2) __________, and (3) willingness to intervene directly should a need arise.

Physical disorders are linked with high levels of fear of crime, lower housing prices, and increased neighborhood dissatisfaction, among other negative consequences.

The argument behind displacement assumes that _____________.

Which of the following is not a possible form of displacement?

Clarke and Weisburd (1994) define diffusion of benefits as the _____________.

Which of the following is an example of an anticipatory benefit?

Environmental criminology is an important addition to victimology because it _____________.

As explained by crime pattern theory, nodes, paths, and edges present motivated offenders with _____________.

Research has found that restricting or controlling access to potential crime targets or locations for crime can significantly increase victimization risk.

According to Reynald (2011) , guardianship in action requires three conditions: (1) __, (2) , and (3) willingness to intervene directly should a need arise.