Question 1

Which of the following is a patterned sequence of behaviors that ranges from minor to more severe?

Accepted Answer

Developmental pathway is the correct term for a patterned sequence of behaviors that ranges from minor to more severe. This concept is often used in psychology and criminology to describe how individuals can follow a path of behaviors that escalate in severity over time.

Question 2

At which of the following developmental age periods does gang membership peak?

Accepted Answer

Gang membership tends to peak during middle adolescence, as this is a period when youths are seeking identity, peer connections, and may be more susceptible to peer pressure and the allure of gang camaraderie.

Question 3

Which of the following is an implication of Loeber and colleagues' (1997, 1999) pathways model?

Accepted Answer

Loeber and colleagues' pathways model supports the age-crime curve by outlining specific developmental pathways that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior, thus providing a detailed framework that aligns with the patterns observed in the age-crime curve.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of "minor concealed behavior" in the covert pathway of Loeber and colleagues' (1997, 1999) pathways model?

Accepted Answer

Stealing from a convenience store is considered "minor concealed behavior" as it involves theft, which is a covert act, and is less severe compared to more serious offenses like breaking into a home.

Question 5

______ is a common variable used for testing gang involvement and delinquency among researchers who employ a developmental pathway model.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______ is a common variable used for...

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a reason developmental theories have been widely accepted as explanations for delinquent careers and gang activity?

Accepted Answer

Developmental theories focus on the individual's development and the factors influencing their behavior over time, including the onset and cessation of criminal activity, patterns of gang involvement, and persistence in gangs. They do not primarily focus on the role of neighborhood structure in producing local gangs, which is more directly addressed by social disorganization and ecological theories.

Question 7

According to their interactional theory, which of the following interventions would Thornberry and Krohn be likely to support?

Accepted Answer

Holistic support services to the youth and family is an intervention that Thornberry and Krohn would be likely to support because it addresses the underlying factors that contribute to gang involvement, such as poverty, lack of opportunity, and family problems.

Question 8

______ was originally developed to explain gang involvement among Mexican-Americans.

Accepted Answer

Multiple marginality theory was specifically developed to explain gang involvement among Mexican-Americans, focusing on the various forms of marginalization they experience.

Question 9

Which of the following reflects a way in which the social development model (SDM) is unique?

Accepted Answer

The Social Development Model (SDM) is unique because it incorporates protective factors that can mitigate the risk of gang membership, emphasizing the role of positive social bonds and influences in preventing antisocial behavior.

Question 10

According to findings from Esbensen and colleagues (1999), which of the following was the least important reason that youth reported for joining a gang?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to findings from Esbensen and colleagues...

Question 11

Esbensen and colleagues (1999) found ______ to be the most important factor in determining whether or not youth joined a gang.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Esbensen and colleagues (1999) found ______ to...

Question 12

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an attraction for joining a gang?

Accepted Answer

Professional development is not typically considered an attraction for joining a gang. Gangs are often associated with illegal activities and social support systems rather than career or professional advancement opportunities.

Question 13

Howell and Egley (2005) found that risk factors for gang membership ranged across ______ risk factor domains.

Accepted Answer

Howell and Egley (2005) identified risk factors for gang membership across five distinct domains, encompassing individual, family, school, peer group, and community factors.

Question 14

______ studies are ideal for assessing the pathways to and consequences of gang involvement.

Accepted Answer

Longitudial studies are ideal for assessing the pathways to and consequences of gang involvement because they track changes over time, allowing researchers to observe how individuals enter, experience, and possibly leave gang life.

Question 15

In Thornberry and colleagues' developmental model of delinquency and gang involvement, delinquency is first expected during what stage?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Thornberry and colleagues' developmental model of...

Question 16

The developmental theoretical model proposed in this chapter asserts that, for some individuals, a risk factor can present itself as early as ______.

Accepted Answer

The developmental theoretical model suggests that risk factors can emerge very early in an individual's life, including periods before birth, highlighting the importance of prenatal influences on development.

Question 17

Loeber and Farrington (2001)'s research finds that ______ of child delinquents become serious, chronic, and violent offenders.

Accepted Answer

Loeber and Farrington's research indicates that less than half of child delinquents evolve into serious, chronic, and violent offenders.

Question 18

Research on the school entry stage of the developmental theoretical model implies that which of the following influences exerts the most significant impact on subsequent delinquency?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that parents have the most significant impact on subsequent delinquency during the school entry stage of development. This is because parental guidance, discipline, and the home environment play crucial roles in shaping children's behavior and attitudes towards social norms and laws.

Question 19

Which term best influences the likelihood and/or speed at which an individual may choose to leave his/her gang?

Accepted Answer

Gang embeddedness refers to the degree to which an individual is integrated or involved in a gang, including their connections, commitments, and activities within the gang. This level of embeddedness can significantly influence the likelihood and speed at which an individual may decide to leave the gang. Higher levels of embeddedness can make leaving more difficult due to stronger ties and greater personal identification with the gang.

Question 20

Which of the following are delinquency pathways identified by Loeber and colleagues (1997, 1999)?

Accepted Answer

Loeber and colleagues identified the authority-conflict pathway and the covert pathway as delinquency pathways.

Quiz 5: Micro-Level Theories: Developmental Life Course Pathways and Other Micro-Level Explanations for Gang Involvement