Question 1

The parasympathetic branch supports the ____ state, and the sympathetic branch supports the ____ state.

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic branch is responsible for the "rest and digest" functions, supporting basal energy conservation and restoration, while the sympathetic branch activates the "fight or flight" response, supporting energy mobilization and expenditure.

Question 2

The ____ in the brain stem's midbrain transmits important information to the basal ganglia that is necessary for regulating voluntary motor movement.

Accepted Answer

The substantia nigra in the midbrain is responsible for producing dopamine, which is necessary for regulating movement. Dysfunction in this area is associated with Parkinson's disease.

Question 3

The diencephalon region of the brain lies above (rostral)the midbrain and contains the brain structures called the ____ and the ____.

Accepted Answer

The diencephalon region of the brain lies above (rostral) the midbrain and contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thalamus is responsible for sensory perception and relaying motor signals, while the hypothalamus plays a role in regulating many basic bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep.

Question 4

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus responds to stressors in part by synthesizing and secreting peptide messengers called releasing factors that are released into the pituitary portal system of the ____.

Accepted Answer

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus secretes releasing factors into the pituitary portal system, which carries them to the anterior pituitary. There, they stimulate the release of hormones such as ACTH and TSH, which regulate the stress response and metabolism, respectively. The posterior pituitary does not receive releasing factors from the hypothalamus; instead, it stores and releases hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin that are synthesized in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis involves the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands, which is stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

Question 5

The viscera consists of ____.

Accepted Answer

The viscera includes the organs, ducts, and glands, as well as the smooth muscles and blood vessels that support them. The vagus nerve may also be included as it plays a role in regulating many of the functions of the viscera. Choice A includes the vagus nerve and blood vessels but does not mention the smooth muscles. Choice B includes the organs and ducts but does not include the blood vessels or the vagus nerve. Choice D only includes the smooth muscles, vagus nerve, and blood vessels, and does not mention the organs and ducts, which are also a part of the viscera.

Question 6

Most cells in the body depend on ____, a thyroid gland hormone, to regulate their metabolic rate; ____ is a strong hormone that can, with time and sufficient concentration levels, double basal metabolic rate.

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a thyroid gland hormone that regulates the metabolic rate of most cells in the body. It plays an important role in controlling energy expenditure and body heat production. With time and sufficient concentration levels, thyroxine can double basal metabolic rate, making it a strong hormone in terms of metabolic regulation. Glucogen is not a thyroid hormone and is instead a form of stored glucose in the liver and muscles. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that plays a role in stress response and glucose metabolism. Thyrosine is an amino acid and is not a thyroid hormone.

Question 7

There is considerable evidence that the ____ system of the brain functions abnormally for many people with PTSD.

Accepted Answer

The limbic system is responsible for emotional processing and regulating the stress response, which is often dysregulated in individuals with PTSD.

Question 8

Each adrenal consists of an outer covering, the ____, and an inner core called the ____.

Accepted Answer

The outer covering of the adrenal is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner core is called the adrenal medulla. This is the structure of the adrenal gland. The other options are not relevant to the question.

Question 9

The ____ are cone-shaped glands that sit atop the kidneys.

Accepted Answer

The sentence specifically mentions "cone-shaped glands," which matches the description of the adrenal glands. The correct term for these glands is "adrenals." The other options (medulla, adrenal cortices, and adrenal medulla) all refer to specific parts of the adrenal glands, but do not accurately describe the entire gland as cone-shaped.

Question 10

The ____ of the brain stem controls and coordinates many sensory and motor activities such as the auditory and visual systems as well as voluntary movement.

Accepted Answer

The midbrain is responsible for controlling and coordinating many sensory and motor activities, including auditory and visual systems and voluntary movement. The medulla oblongata, on the other hand, is responsible for controlling vital autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate. The substantia nigra is involved in the regulation of movement and is affected in Parkinson's disease. Neurosubstrate is not a specific structure in the brain stem.

Question 11

The ____-layered neocortex is the highest center of the brain. The word cortex literally means bark and refers to the outside covering of an anatomical structure.

Accepted Answer

The neocortex is composed of six layers, making choice D the correct answer.

Question 12

The ____ nervous system innervates the body's viscera generally through using both pre-ganglionic neurons (those that exit the spinal cord)and post-ganglionic neurons (those that are stimulated by the pre-ganglionic neurons).

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ____ nervous system innervates the body's...

Question 13

A small cluster of norepinephrine synthesizing cell bodies called the ____ residing in the dorsal brain stem region of the reticular formation (RF)plays an important role in vigilance and arousal and is part of an ascending arousal pathway system that keeps the thalamus and cortex active in receiving and transmitting sensory information.

Accepted Answer

The small cluster of norepinephrine synthesizing cell bodies referred to in the question is the locus ceruleus (LC) located in the dorsal brain stem region of the reticular formation (RF). The LC is responsible for vigilance and arousal and is part of an ascending arousal pathway system that keeps the thalamus and cortex active in receiving and transmitting sensory information. Therefore, choice D, locus ceruleus, is the best answer. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the structure referred to in the question.

Question 14

The ____ transmits information regarding the body's movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the region of the brain that fine tunes and coordinates motor movement, the cerebellum.

Accepted Answer

The pons is a structure located in the brainstem that serves as a relay station between the cerebral hemisphere and the cerebellum. It plays an important role in transmitting information related to body movement, balance, and coordination to the cerebellum, which then fine-tunes and coordinates these movements. The midbrain is involved in sensory processing and reflex responses, while the medulla is responsible for controlling vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. The substantia nigra is a structure in the midbrain that plays a role in motor control and is specifically involved in the development of Parkinson's disease.

Question 15

Epinephrine helps to stimulate the release of ____ into the blood stream from ____ stores in the liver and muscles and through a process called ____ converts non-carbohydrate energy stores into glucose for use by the skeletal muscles.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine stimulates the release of glucose into the bloodstream from glycogen stores in the liver and muscles. This process is known as gluconeogenesis, where non-carbohydrate energy stores are converted into glucose for use by the skeletal muscles.

Question 16

The ____ is responsible for many of the vegetative functions of the body (e.g., heartbeat, respiration, etc.)and consists of the medulla oblongata, which sits directly above the spinal cord, the pons, which sits above the medulla, and the midbrain, which lies rostral (toward the head end)to the pons.

Accepted Answer

The brain stem is responsible for many of the automatic, involuntary functions of the body and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The cerebellum is involved in motor control and coordination, and the parasympathetic branch is a division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for conserving energy and promoting rest and digestive processes. While these structures may also contribute to vegetative functions, the brain stem is the most accurate answer to the question.

Question 17

____ refer to unrealistic positive beliefs, may give a person a greater sense of control to cope with the negative impact of a trauma and may be adaptive in the short-term but not result in actual growth. They may help a person cope by thinking that change and growth have occurred when they have not.

Accepted Answer

Positive illusions refer to unrealistic positive beliefs that may be adaptive in the short-term but not result in actual growth. They may help a person cope by thinking that change and growth have occurred when they have not. Accommodating delusions and positive delusions are not commonly used terms in psychology, and accommodating illusions is not a specific term related to positive beliefs.

Question 18

The ____ of the limbic system appears to play a major role in our emotional control system because of its extensive connections with the thalamus and its connections with other parts of the limbic system, including the amygdala and hypothalamus; it has been referred to as the "neurological hub of our affective control system."

Accepted Answer

The anterior cingulate is often referred to as the "neurological hub of our affective control system" due to its extensive connections with other parts of the limbic system, including the thalamus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. It plays a major role in emotional control and regulation. The other options, interior cingulate and locus cingulate, do not accurately describe a specific part of the limbic system. Locus ceruleus is not a part of the limbic system.

Question 19

All pre-ganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter as do the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch.

Accepted Answer

All pre-ganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. This includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. However, the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic branch primarily use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter, while the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch primarily use acetylcholine.

Question 20

What could account for some of the memory problems associated with PTSD such as experiencing recurring distressing memories of the trauma or flashbacks (e.g., feelings of reliving the trauma), exaggerated psychological and physiological responses to stimuli that symbolize or have similar characteristics to the traumatic stressors, and difficulties recalling significant aspects of the traumatic event?

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is involved in the consolidation of memories and can be hyporesponsive in PTSD, leading to difficulties in properly processing and storing traumatic memories. This can contribute to memory problems such as difficulties recalling significant aspects of the traumatic event.

Quiz 3: Stress and the Nervous System

The parasympathetic branch supports the state, and the sympathetic branch supports the state.

The ____ in the brain stem's midbrain transmits important information to the basal ganglia that is necessary for regulating voluntary motor movement.

The diencephalon region of the brain lies above (rostral) the midbrain and contains the brain structures called the and the .

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus responds to stressors in part by synthesizing and secreting peptide messengers called releasing factors that are released into the pituitary portal system of the ____.

The viscera consists of ____.

Most cells in the body depend on , a thyroid gland hormone, to regulate their metabolic rate; is a strong hormone that can, with time and sufficient concentration levels, double basal metabolic rate.

There is considerable evidence that the ____ system of the brain functions abnormally for many people with PTSD.

Each adrenal consists of an outer covering, the , and an inner core called the .

The ____ are cone-shaped glands that sit atop the kidneys.

The ____ of the brain stem controls and coordinates many sensory and motor activities such as the auditory and visual systems as well as voluntary movement.

The ____-layered neocortex is the highest center of the brain. The word cortex literally means bark and refers to the outside covering of an anatomical structure.

The ____ nervous system innervates the body's viscera generally through using both pre-ganglionic neurons (those that exit the spinal cord) and post-ganglionic neurons (those that are stimulated by the pre-ganglionic neurons) .

The ____ transmits information regarding the body's movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the region of the brain that fine tunes and coordinates motor movement, the cerebellum.

Epinephrine helps to stimulate the release of into the blood stream from stores in the liver and muscles and through a process called converts non-carbohydrate energy stores into glucose for use by the skeletal muscles.

All pre-ganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter as do the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch.

Quiz 3: Stress and the Nervous System

The parasympathetic branch supports the ____ state, and the sympathetic branch supports the ____ state.

The ____ in the brain stem's midbrain transmits important information to the basal ganglia that is necessary for regulating voluntary motor movement.

The diencephalon region of the brain lies above (rostral) the midbrain and contains the brain structures called the ____ and the ____.

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus responds to stressors in part by synthesizing and secreting peptide messengers called releasing factors that are released into the pituitary portal system of the ____.

The viscera consists of ____.

Most cells in the body depend on ____, a thyroid gland hormone, to regulate their metabolic rate; ____ is a strong hormone that can, with time and sufficient concentration levels, double basal metabolic rate.

There is considerable evidence that the ____ system of the brain functions abnormally for many people with PTSD.

Each adrenal consists of an outer covering, the ____, and an inner core called the ____.

The ____ are cone-shaped glands that sit atop the kidneys.

The ____ of the brain stem controls and coordinates many sensory and motor activities such as the auditory and visual systems as well as voluntary movement.

The ____-layered neocortex is the highest center of the brain. The word cortex literally means bark and refers to the outside covering of an anatomical structure.

The ____ nervous system innervates the body's viscera generally through using both pre-ganglionic neurons (those that exit the spinal cord) and post-ganglionic neurons (those that are stimulated by the pre-ganglionic neurons) .

The ____ transmits information regarding the body's movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the region of the brain that fine tunes and coordinates motor movement, the cerebellum.

Epinephrine helps to stimulate the release of ____ into the blood stream from ____ stores in the liver and muscles and through a process called ____ converts non-carbohydrate energy stores into glucose for use by the skeletal muscles.

All pre-ganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter as do the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch.

The parasympathetic branch supports the state, and the sympathetic branch supports the state.

The diencephalon region of the brain lies above (rostral) the midbrain and contains the brain structures called the and the .

Most cells in the body depend on , a thyroid gland hormone, to regulate their metabolic rate; is a strong hormone that can, with time and sufficient concentration levels, double basal metabolic rate.

Each adrenal consists of an outer covering, the , and an inner core called the .

Epinephrine helps to stimulate the release of into the blood stream from stores in the liver and muscles and through a process called converts non-carbohydrate energy stores into glucose for use by the skeletal muscles.