Question 1

Which of the of the following is a true statement regarding the functions of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is involved in the fine-tuning of movements and balance, but it also has connections with various parts of the brain, including the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex. These connections allow it to play a role in cognitive functions as well, making statement C correct.

Question 2

The results of experiments demonstrating the conditioned eye blink response provide support for which of the following statements below?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned eye blink response is a form of associative learning where an individual learns to anticipate and respond to a stimulus by blinking. This process involves the cerebellum, particularly the deep cerebellar nuclei, which are known to be involved in storing long-term motor memories, such as those required for the conditioned eye blink response. This demonstrates the cerebellum's role beyond just refining movements, indicating its capacity for contributing to long-term motor memory formation.

Question 3

Ablation of interpositus nucleus (IPN) connections to the red nucleus would result in a(n)__________in the condition eye blink reflex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ablation of interpositus nucleus (IPN) connections to...

Question 4

A 24-year old woman in China in one of nine known cases of someone being born without a cerebellum. She went to the hospital for nausea and vertigo when it was discovered and reported significant delays in speaking and walking during development. Discuss how all of these symptoms are explained by her lack of a cerebellum and what other deficits or symptoms you might suspect she had?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 24-year old woman in China in...

Question 5

Which of the following changes in movement after severe damage to descending neurons of the spinal cord in the upper thoracic vertebrae would you expect?

Accepted Answer

During a period of spinal shock, processes such as respiration, digestion, urination, and defecation are severely impaired or lost completely. Upper and lower limbs go limp or are very weak and any returning movement is erradic and unpredictable. Heightened sensitivity to non-voluntary movement to the limbs and skin sensitivity due to a loss of spinal reflex integration with the motor cortex and cerebellum.

Question 6

Early stages of motor learning primarily rely on the _______________and ____________. However, once these movements become more automatic, the _____________is most active.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Early stages of motor learning primarily rely...

Question 7

Place the following events in the movement of bending over to pick up a heavy box in the correct order by numbering from 1-4: (some numbers will be used for multiple events, as they happen simultaneously)
_____ Before you start to bend you knees and extend your arms down, your motor cortex instructs your calf and ankle muscles start to anticipate the shifting of your weight down and forward
_____ You make a conscious decision to pick up the box, activating the prefrontal cortex
_____ Your cerebellum sends feedforward signals from previous learned behaviors of picking up a heavy box and catalogues new error signals from this experience
_____ You complete the movement with conscious awareness of how to modify the next movement (moving your hands, engaging your legs, etc.) to lift the box based on sensory and motor information coordinated by the prefrontal, motor, and frontal cortex along with the cerebellum
_____ As you execute the movement your spinal reflexes, under the control of the motor cortex, stiffens the calves, ankles, neck, and back to stabilize you as you bend over

Accepted Answer

The answer of Place the following events in the movement...

Question 8

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ using observations of how epileptic seizers "march" across the body, hypothesized that neurons located adjacent to each other in the motor cortex control corresponding adjacent body parts

Accepted Answer

Hughlings Jackson made significant contributions to understanding the organization of the nervous system, including the observation of how epileptic seizures could "march" across the body. He hypothesized that this was due to the organization of neurons in the motor cortex, where adjacent neurons control adjacent body parts.

Question 9

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ made important early discoveries of the leg withdrawal reflex

Accepted Answer

Charles Sherrington made significant contributions to the understanding of reflexes, including the leg withdrawal reflex, which is a fundamental aspect of the control of posture and locomotion.

Question 10

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ demonstrated that walking in a mammalian quadruped involves spinal CGP using spinal and decerebrate cats

Accepted Answer

Graham Brown demonstrated that walking in a mammalian quadruped involves spinal central pattern generators (CGP) using spinal and decerebrate cats.

Question 11

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ supported the central pattern generator hypothesis with early discoveries of locust locomotion

Accepted Answer

Donald Wilson supported the central pattern generator hypothesis with his early discoveries of locust locomotion.

Question 12

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ constructed a motor homunculus illustrating the relative size of portions of the motor cortex devoted to certain body parts

Accepted Answer

Wilder Penfield constructed a motor homunculus, which is a visual representation illustrating the relative space human body parts occupy on the motor cortex. This was significant in understanding how different parts of the body are controlled by the brain.

Question 13

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ conducted seminal experiments in lampreys to demonstrate that the core of the CPG for lampreys is a half-center oscillator

Accepted Answer

Sten Grillner is known for his work on the neural control of locomotion, and he conducted seminal experiments in lampreys to demonstrate that the core of the central pattern generator (CPG) for lampreys is a half-center oscillator.

Question 14

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ using hand-gripping experiments with macaque monkeys, demonstrated the presence of mirror neurons in the motor and premotor cortex

Accepted Answer

Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues were the ones who, through experiments involving hand-gripping and other tasks with macaque monkeys, discovered the presence of mirror neurons in the motor and premotor cortex, which was a significant contribution to the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the control of posture and locomotion, as well as the understanding of empathy, learning by imitation, and the evolution of language.

Question 15

Motor control and movement is dependent upon activity of which of the following structures and reflexes?

Accepted Answer

Motor control and movement involve a complex interplay of various structures and reflexes within the nervous system. The deep cerebellar nuclei are involved in the coordination of movement. The premotor cortex is crucial for the planning and execution of movements. Spinal reflexes are fundamental for immediate responses and basic motor activity. Vestibular reflexes help maintain balance and posture during movement. Therefore, all of these components (A, B, C, D) are essential for motor control and movement.

Quiz 10: Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Which of the of the following is a true statement regarding the functions of the cerebellum?

The results of experiments demonstrating the conditioned eye blink response provide support for which of the following statements below?

Ablation of interpositus nucleus (IPN) connections to the red nucleus would result in a(n)__________in the condition eye blink reflex.

Which of the following changes in movement after severe damage to descending neurons of the spinal cord in the upper thoracic vertebrae would you expect?

Early stages of motor learning primarily rely on the ___and . However, once these movements become more automatic, the _is most active.

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ made important early discoveries of the leg withdrawal reflex

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ demonstrated that walking in a mammalian quadruped involves spinal CGP using spinal and decerebrate cats

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ supported the central pattern generator hypothesis with early discoveries of locust locomotion

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ constructed a motor homunculus illustrating the relative size of portions of the motor cortex devoted to certain body parts

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ conducted seminal experiments in lampreys to demonstrate that the core of the CPG for lampreys is a half-center oscillator

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ using hand-gripping experiments with macaque monkeys, demonstrated the presence of mirror neurons in the motor and premotor cortex

Motor control and movement is dependent upon activity of which of the following structures and reflexes?