According to Walter Miller's focal concerns theory, the values believed to be prevalent among lower-class males are:

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Walter Miller's focal concerns theory identifies six values prevalent among lower-class males: fate, autonomy, trouble, toughness, excitement, and smartness. These values are thought to contribute to the development of a subculture that may be in conflict with mainstream societal norms.

According to Walter Miller's Focal Concerns Theory, the Values Believed