Question 1

Which of the following is false regarding internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Internal validity is concerned with establishing a causal relationship between variables, but the direction of change is not a concern for internal validity; rather, it is about whether the change in one variable causes a change in another.

Question 2

__________ validity is concerned with how well the study findings are generalizable to other settings.

Accepted Answer

External validity is about how well the results of a study can be generalized or applied to other settings, populations, or situations outside of the study itself.

Question 3

Among various threats to internal validity, __________ refers to any events that happen during the course of a study that may affect the study outcomes.

Accepted Answer

History refers to events that occur during the study, outside of the interventions being tested, that could influence the outcomes. These events are not controlled by the researcher and can affect the internal validity of the study.

Question 4

Which of the following can be an example of history endangering internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Events like natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and economic crises can all introduce external changes that affect the participants of a study, thereby endangering the internal validity by introducing variables not accounted for by the researchers.

Question 5

Among threats to internal validity, __________ refers to any physical or psychological changes taking place within participants that occur with the passing of time regardless of the experimental manipulation.

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the natural changes that occur in participants over time, such as aging or growing tired, which can affect the outcomes of an experiment independently of the experimental manipulation.

Question 6

Which of the following is false regarding maturation?

Accepted Answer

Maturation effects on internal validity can be addressed through various research design strategies, such as using control groups, ensuring random assignment, or employing longitudinal study designs to monitor changes over time. Therefore, stating there is no solution to maturation effects is false.

Question 7

__________ occurs when research participants become so familiar with the survey instruments that their answers are influenced.

Accepted Answer

The testing effect refers to the phenomenon where participants' responses are influenced by their familiarity with the survey instruments or questions due to previous exposures. This can lead to changes in how they respond over time, not necessarily because of the intervention or what is being measured, but because they have become practiced or conditioned by the test itself.

Question 8

Which of the following can be a solution to testing effect?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following can be a...

Question 9

__________lowers the level of internal validity when change in the measuring instrument is made between the applications.

Accepted Answer

Instrumentation refers to changes in the measurement process or instrument that occur over time. If the instrument used to measure outcomes in a study changes between pre-test and post-test, this can affect the reliability of the results, thus lowering the internal validity of the study. This is because any observed changes in the dependent variable may be due to changes in the instrument rather than the independent variable or treatment effect.

Question 10

Which of the following is false regarding intercoder reliability?

Accepted Answer

Intercoder reliability threat can occur in both qualitative and quantitative research.

Question 11

__________ occurs when outliers move closer to the mean on subsequent testing.

Accepted Answer

Statistical regression, or regression to the mean, is the phenomenon where if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement, and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.

Question 12

What is the simplest solution to statistical regression?

Accepted Answer

Removing outliers or converting them to the mean value can help in reducing the impact of extreme values on the regression analysis, making it a simpler solution to address issues related to statistical regression.

Question 13

__________ occurs when the research participants in the experimental group are not similar to those in the control group.

Accepted Answer

Selection bias occurs when the participants in the experimental group are not similar to those in the control group, which can affect the validity of the experimental results.

Question 14

__________ occurs when research participants drop out of the study before it concludes.

Accepted Answer

Mortality, in the context of research studies, refers to the loss of participants before the study is completed, which can affect the outcomes and generalizability of the research findings.

Question 15

The research participants in the control group may get the information on the treatment that the participants in the experimental group receive, which can contaminate the study outcome. This threat to internal validity refers to

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of treatment occurs when information about the experimental treatment is unintentionally shared with the control group, potentially influencing their behavior and contaminating the study outcomes.

Question 16

__________ occurs when the research participants in the control group learn of special treatment given to the experimental group and alter their behavior.

Accepted Answer

Compensatory rivalry occurs when participants in the control group change their behavior because they know they are not receiving the special treatment that the experimental group is receiving. This can lead to an increase in effort or performance from the control group in an attempt to compensate for not receiving the special treatment, potentially skewing the results of the study.

Question 17

Researchers can subconsciously and unintentionally make their research participants aware of the research hypotheses, which ultimately influences their behavior. This threat to internal validity refers to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers can subconsciously and unintentionally make their...

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding external validity?

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized across different populations, settings, and times. The Hawthorne effect and the placebo effect are both forms of reactivity that can threaten external validity by influencing participants' behavior due to their awareness of being studied or their expectations, respectively.

Question 19

The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is argued to help predict students' potential for success in graduate programs. Similarly, the LSAT is used to predict law school applicants' potential for success in legal studies. GRE and LSAT are thought to have strong __________ validity.

Accepted Answer

Criterion validity refers to the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome. The GRE and LSAT are designed to predict academic success in graduate and law programs, respectively, making criterion validity the correct term.

Question 20

One's hair color is not a predictor of future athletic success because it lacks __________ validity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One's hair color is not a predictor...

Quiz 4: Validity and Reliability: Threats to Research Integrity