Question 1

Where were the first two kinesiology programs developed in Canada?
A) The University of Saskatchewan and the University of Alberta
B) McGill University and the University of Toronto
C) Simon Fraser University and the University of Waterloo
D) The University of British Columbia and Memorial University

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

What two concepts represent a researcher's belief in the nature of truth and reality and how she or he might acquire knowledge about that truth and reality?
A) Science and research
B) Postpositivism and constructivism
C) Quantitative and qualitative
D) Ontology and epistemology

Accepted Answer

Ontology and epistemology are two fundamental concepts in philosophy and research methodology that relate to the nature of reality and the theory of knowledge, respectively. Ontology concerns what constitutes reality, while epistemology deals with the nature and scope of knowledge and how it can be acquired.

Question 3

What philosophical worldview is best represented in the following abstract?
This study was designed to explore the meaning of sport from the perspective of professional athletes. Ten athletes and their coaches participated in this study. Data were collected by means of observation and interviews, conducted at their training centres. Participants' data resulted in the following three themes: (a) more than a job, (b) building relationships and community, and (c) being held to a higher standard. The results showed the importance of sport to both athletes and coaches, as well as their influence on the cities in which they live and work.
A) Two-eyed seeing
B) Postpositivism
C) Constructivism
D) Pragmatism

Accepted Answer

Constructivism focuses on understanding the world from the perspective of individuals, which aligns with the study's approach of exploring the meaning of sport through the experiences of athletes and coaches.

Question 4

Which of the following rank order of philosophical worldviews best represents the highest likelihood of seeing a quantitative research approach (i.e., rank ordered from the worldview most likely to include a quantitative research approach to the worldview least likely to include a quantitative research approach)?
A) Transformative, constructivism, postpositivism, pragmatism
B) Postpositivism, pragmatism, transformative, constructivism
C) Constructivism, transformative, pragmatism, postpositivism
D) Pragmatism, postpositivism, constructivism, transformative

Accepted Answer

Postpositivism is closely aligned with the traditional scientific method, which is quantitative in nature. Pragmatism is open to using both quantitative and qualitative methods, depending on what works best for the research question. Transformative approaches often prioritize qualitative methods to explore issues of power, inequality, and social justice. Constructivism, which focuses on understanding the subjective experiences of individuals, is typically associated with qualitative methods.

Question 5

What are the three main components of a research design?
A) Ontology, epistemology, ethical approval
B) Philosophical worldview, research approach, research methods
C) Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods
D) Determinism, reductionism, theory testing

Accepted Answer

Research design typically encompasses the philosophical worldview that underpins the study, the research approach (e.g., experimental, survey, ethnography), and the specific research methods (e.g., interviews, observations, questionnaires) used to collect and analyze data.

Question 6

What is a researcher's set of beliefs that guide her or his orientation to science and research called?
A) Purpose statement
B) Research design
C) Philosophical worldview
D) Ethical principle

Accepted Answer

A researcher's set of beliefs that guide their orientation to science and research is referred to as a "Philosophical worldview." This encompasses their perspective on the nature of reality, knowledge, and the methods by which knowledge can be acquired.

Question 7

Which philosophical worldview is exemplified by researchers working collaboratively with participants and focusing on action to better change the lives of participants in the study?
A) Transformative
B) Two-eyed seeing
C) Pragmatism
D) Postpositivism

Accepted Answer

Transformative research focuses on collaboration with participants and aims at creating positive change in their lives, aligning with the description given.

Question 8

What does a mixed methods research design combine?
A) Pragmatic and transformative philosophical worldview-guided research
B) Physiological and psychological research
C) Sport, health, and exercise research
D) Quantitative and qualitative research

Accepted Answer

Mixed methods research design combines quantitative and qualitative research methodologies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem.

Question 9

Which of the following rank order of philosophical worldviews best represents the highest likelihood of seeing a qualitative research approach (i.e., rank ordered from the worldview most likely to include a qualitative research approach to the worldview least likely to include a qualitative research approach)?
A) Transformative, constructivism, postpositivism, pragmatism
B) Postpositivism, pragmatism, transformative, constructivism
C) Constructivism, transformative, pragmatism, postpositivism
D) Pragmatism, postpositivism, constructivism, transformative

Accepted Answer

Constructivism and transformative worldviews are more aligned with qualitative research approaches as they focus on understanding the world from the perspective of individuals and groups, often involving social change or justice. Pragmatism, being more flexible, can incorporate both qualitative and quantitative methods but is less inherently qualitative than constructivism or transformative. Postpositivism, with its roots in the scientific method and objective truth, is the least likely to prioritize qualitative methods.

Question 10

Which of the following statements best reflects the field of kinesiology?
A) The field of kinesiology continues to grow and expand enormously.
B) The field of kinesiology has remained relatively static over the past 50 years.
C) The field of kinesiology has been remarkably useful in confirming historically accepted "facts" by experts in other fields of study.
D) The field of kinesiology has become decreasingly multidisciplinary and research focused since the development of kinesiology programs in Canada.

Accepted Answer

Kinesiology, the study of human movement, has indeed grown and expanded significantly, incorporating various disciplines such as physiology, biomechanics, and psychology, among others, to understand physical activity and its impact on health and performance.

Question 11

Which of the following best represents the definition of "kinesiology"?
A) The study of applied health science
B) The study of physical education teacher training
C) The study of sport science
D) The study of human movement

Accepted Answer

Kinesiology is the scientific study of human or non-human body movement. It addresses physiological, biomechanical, and psychological dynamic principles and mechanisms of movement.

Question 12

Which of the following would we typically see in a quantitative research study?
A) Small sample sizes and numerical data
B) Large sample sizes and numerical data
C) Small sample sizes and non-numerical data
D) Large sample sizes and non-numerical data

Accepted Answer

Quantitative research often involves large sample sizes to ensure the statistical significance of the results, and it focuses on numerical data to quantify the variables being studied.

Question 13

Which of the following would we typically see in a qualitative research study?
A) Small sample sizes and numerical data
B) Large sample sizes and numerical data
C) Small sample sizes and non-numerical data
D) Large sample sizes and non-numerical data

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research typically involves small sample sizes and focuses on collecting non-numerical data, such as opinions, experiences, or observations, to gain insights into a particular phenomenon.

Question 14

Which of the following is an accurate statement about a mixed methods research approach in kinesiology?
A) Mixed methods research designs in kinesiology can prioritize either one or both of quantitative and qualitative methods.
B) Mixed methods research designs in kinesiology prioritize quantitative over qualitative methods.
C) Mixed methods research designs in kinesiology prioritize qualitative over quantitative methods.
D) Mixed methods research designs in kinesiology are unique in that they do not include either quantitative or qualitative methods.

Accepted Answer

Mixed methods research designs in kinesiology can be structured to prioritize either quantitative or qualitative methods, or to treat both with equal importance, depending on the research question and objectives. This flexibility allows for a comprehensive exploration of research topics.

Question 15

Which of the following research questions is most likely best answered by a mixed methods research approach?
A) What is the relationship between physical activity and obesity in youth?
B) How do older adults cope with bullying in senior's social housing?
C) How do perceptions of masculinity affect men's body image?
D) How does self-esteem differ between male and female exercisers?

Accepted Answer

Mixed methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, making it suitable for exploring complex social phenomena like coping mechanisms, which involve understanding behaviors, attitudes, and experiences.

Question 16

The Canadian Health Measures Survey, which measures variables ranging from physical activity to muscular flexibility, is an example of what type of research approach?
A) A mixed methods research approach
B) A qualitative research approach
C) A quantitative research approach
D) A transformative research approach

Accepted Answer

The Canadian Health Measures Survey, by measuring variables such as physical activity and muscular flexibility, utilizes a quantitative research approach. This is because it focuses on quantifying variables and analyzing them statistically to draw conclusions.

Question 17

Clark et al.'s (2011) study that explored the physical activity experiences of young adolescent girls via interviews with eight participants is an example of what type of research approach?
A) A mixed methods research approach
B) A qualitative research approach
C) A quantitative research approach
D) A transformative research approach

Accepted Answer

Clark et al.'s study, which involved conducting interviews with a small number of participants to explore their experiences, is an example of a qualitative research approach. This approach focuses on understanding human behavior, thoughts, and experiences through methods like interviews, observations, and analysis of text or visual data.

Question 18

Ferguson et al.'s (2014) study that explored the role of self-compassion in young women athletes' psychological well-being across two phases, with the first phase using questionnaires across 83 athletes and the second phase having interviews with 11 athletes, is an example of what type of research approach?
A) A mixed methods research approach
B) A qualitative research approach
C) A quantitative research approach
D) A transformative research approach

Accepted Answer

Ferguson et al.'s study is an example of a mixed methods research approach because it combines both quantitative (questionnaires with 83 athletes) and qualitative (interviews with 11 athletes) research methods to explore the role of self-compassion in young women athletes' psychological well-being.

Question 19

Which of the following rank order of philosophical worldviews best represents the highest likelihood of seeing a mixed methods research approach (i.e., rank ordered from the worldview most likely to include a mixed methods research approach to the worldview least likely to include a mixed methods research approach)?
A) Pragmatism, postpositivism, transformative
B) Pragmatism, transformative, postpositivism
C) Transformative, pragmatism, postpositivism
D) Transformative, postpositivism, pragmatism

Accepted Answer

Pragmatism is most likely to include mixed methods due to its focus on practical solutions and flexibility. Transformative approaches also use mixed methods to address social issues. Postpositivism is less likely to use mixed methods, as it often emphasizes quantitative methods.

Question 20

Which of the following rank order of philosophical worldviews best represents the highest likelihood of seeing collaboration with study participants as a main feature of the research approach (i.e., rank ordered from the worldview most likely to include collaboration with study participants to the worldview least likely to include collaboration with study participants)?
A) Pragmatism, postpositivism, transformative
B) Pragmatism, transformative, postpositivism
C) Transformative, pragmatism, postpositivism
D) Transformative, postpositivism, pragmatism

Accepted Answer

Transformative worldviews prioritize collaboration with participants to enact change, followed by pragmatism which values practical solutions often developed through participatory methods. Postpositivism, with its roots in scientific method and objectivity, is least likely to emphasize such collaboration.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Research in Kinesiology

Where were the first two kinesiology programs developed in Canada?

What two concepts represent a researcher's belief in the nature of truth and reality and how she or he might acquire knowledge about that truth and reality?

What are the three main components of a research design?

What is a researcher's set of beliefs that guide her or his orientation to science and research called?

Which philosophical worldview is exemplified by researchers working collaboratively with participants and focusing on action to better change the lives of participants in the study?

What does a mixed methods research design combine?

Which of the following statements best reflects the field of kinesiology?

Which of the following best represents the definition of "kinesiology"?

Which of the following would we typically see in a quantitative research study?

Which of the following would we typically see in a qualitative research study?

Which of the following is an accurate statement about a mixed methods research approach in kinesiology?

Which of the following research questions is most likely best answered by a mixed methods research approach?

The Canadian Health Measures Survey, which measures variables ranging from physical activity to muscular flexibility, is an example of what type of research approach?

Clark et al.'s (2011) study that explored the physical activity experiences of young adolescent girls via interviews with eight participants is an example of what type of research approach?