Question 1

In the current version of the multicomponent model (2013), Baddeley connects the visuospatial sketchpad directly to the LTM because of an assumption that this would facilitate ________.

Accepted Answer

Baddeley's multicomponent model of working memory includes the visuospatial sketchpad, which is involved in the temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information. Connecting it directly to long-term memory (LTM) is assumed to facilitate spatial learning, as it allows for the efficient processing and storage of spatial information.

Question 2

The critical finding of Jacobsen's experiments (1936) was ________.

Accepted Answer

Jacobsen's experiments in 1936 demonstrated that bilateral lesions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) impaired the ability of monkeys to perform delayed response tasks, indicating the critical role of the PFC in working memory and the management of temporal information. Recall without delay was not significantly affected, highlighting the specific impact of these lesions on tasks requiring the maintenance of information over a period of time.

Question 3

The early interpretation of Jacobsen's experiments (1936) was ________.

Accepted Answer

The early interpretation of Jacobsen's experiments, which involved the delayed response task, concluded that the poor performance observed was not because of issues with perception or movement. Instead, it was believed that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) played a crucial role in what was referred to as "immediate memory," indicating the PFC's importance in working memory and the processing of information over short periods.

Question 4

Malmo (1942) replicated Jacobsen's procedure but turned the lights off during the trials at some point. When the room went dark during the ________, the monkeys ________.

Accepted Answer

Malmo's experiment involved turning off the lights during the delay phase, not the training or recall phases. Despite the darkness, the monkeys were still able to identify the correct well with high accuracy (about 85% of trials), demonstrating that they had formed a memory of the correct location that did not rely on visual cues at the moment of recall.

Question 5

The current interpretation of the combined data by Malmo (1942) and Jacobsen (1936) is that ________.

Accepted Answer

The correct interpretation of the combined data by Malmo (1942) and Jacobsen (1936) suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may play a role in mediating control over short-term memory (STM), but it does not imply that STM is localized within the PFC itself.

Question 6

Paulesu et al. (1993) found that Brodmann area ________ was linked to the phonological store.

Accepted Answer

Paulesu et al. (1993) identified Brodmann area 40 (BA 40) in the parietal lobe as being linked to the phonological store, which is a component of the working memory involved in the temporary storage of spoken language.

Question 7

Paulesu et al. (1993) found that that ________ is linked to the articulatory loop.

Accepted Answer

Broca's area in the frontal lobe (BA 44 and BA 45) is linked to the articulatory loop, as it is involved in speech production and language processing, which are key functions of the articulatory loop in working memory.

Question 8

Smith et al. (1996) found that several areas in the right hemisphere were involved in the spatial memory task, including ________.

Accepted Answer

Area 19 of the occipital cortex is involved in spatial memory tasks.

Question 9

Working memory is different in that it does require attention, and because it requires attention it involves different regions of the brain than short-term memory. Attentional control is associated with ________.

Accepted Answer

Attentional control, crucial for working memory, is associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the inferior parietal cortex, and the anterior cingulate. These brain regions are involved in managing attention and integrating information.

Question 10

The Stroop task involves naming the colour of ink a coloured word is written in. The Stroop task is difficult when ________.

Accepted Answer

The Stroop task becomes difficult when the ink color and the word are incongruent because it creates a conflict between the color the word spells out and the color of the ink, requiring more cognitive effort to suppress the automatic reading of the word to correctly name the ink color.

Question 11

What is Broadbent's model of memory? Draw a diagram of the model.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

What evidence is there that material in Broadbent's (1958) P-Store is maintained in a speech-like code?

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Question 13

What is working memory? Provide three examples of working memory.

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Question 14

What are the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad? What is each responsible for?

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Question 15

What is the episodic buffer and what does it do?

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Question 16

What experimental evidence supports Baddeley's notion that the episodic buffer requires additional resources and operates independently of the phonological lop and the visuospatial sketchpad?

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Question 17

What are the differences between the brain areas involved in short-term memory compared to working memory?

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Question 18

How did the case of H.M. influence early and current models of memory?

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Question 19

What did Jacobsen's experiments reveal about the brain and short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

What is the modal model of memory and what does it reveal about memory?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 3: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

In the current version of the multicomponent model (2013) , Baddeley connects the visuospatial sketchpad directly to the LTM because of an assumption that this would facilitate ________.