Question 1

Christina fixes John's car for him and in turn he makes her a delicious dinner. This represents the basic principle of

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of social exchange, where two parties provide services to each other in a reciprocal manner, benefiting both.

Question 2

Social exchange is based upon the sharing of

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory posits that human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. It emphasizes the exchange of social rewards (such as approval, status, information) and social costs (such as disapproval, the effort of maintaining a relationship) between individuals.

Question 3

Which of the following are the two basic assumptions of social exchange?

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory is based on the assumptions of interdependence and the desire for positive outcomes, suggesting that individuals engage in social interactions seeking to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 4

Social exchange assumes that people prefer positive outcomes. Positive outcomes are defined as:

Accepted Answer

Positive outcomes in social exchange theory are defined as rewards minus costs, meaning the benefits received from a situation or relationship minus the drawbacks or investments required.

Question 5

According to social exchange, people may remain in groups in which they do not receive positive outcomes because

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory suggests that individuals evaluate their relationships and group memberships based on the costs and benefits. In this context, people may stay in groups where they don't receive positive outcomes if they perceive that leaving the group would result in even fewer positive outcomes, indicating a calculation of relative benefits rather than absolute ones.

Question 6

Which of the following is the major assumption of evolutionary psychology?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychology assumes that human behavior is shaped by the evolutionary process, particularly by the need to meet goals related to survival and reproduction. This perspective suggests that many human psychological traits are adaptive responses to the challenges of survival and reproduction faced by our ancestors.

Question 7

Research by Cosmides and Tooby found which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research by Cosmides and Tooby found which...

Question 8

It has been proposed that self-esteem increases when

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem tends to increase when we feel accepted by others, as acceptance is closely linked to positive self-regard and validation.

Question 9

In an experiment on ostracism, Kipling Williams and his colleagues led participants to believe they were either included or ostracized by others who were playing a Frisbee game with them. Williams and his colleagues found that

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an experiment on ostracism, Kipling Williams...

Question 10

According to a study investigating Internet usage,

Accepted Answer

The study found a correlation between higher internet usage and increased feelings of loneliness.

Question 11

Which of the following was found in the experiment on responses to anxiety conducted by Stanley Schachter?

Accepted Answer

Schachter's experiment on responses to anxiety found that individuals, regardless of gender, who were expecting painful shocks preferred to wait with others who were in a similar situation, illustrating the social comparison theory.

Question 12

Which of the following refers to a description of the different types of relationships that people may have with other individuals?

Accepted Answer

Attachment style refers to the pattern of expectations, needs, emotions, and social behaviors that result from the internal working models of self and others developed in early childhood, which influence the nature of interpersonal relationships throughout life.

Question 13

People who have a healthy attachment style as children

Accepted Answer

A healthy attachment style in childhood is associated with the ability to create healthy interpersonal relationships in adulthood. This is because secure attachment fosters trust, empathy, and effective communication skills, which are foundational to healthy relationships.

Question 14

Social support has been found to improve

Accepted Answer

Social support has been shown to have a positive impact on both physical and mental health, offering benefits such as reduced stress levels, improved mood, and better physical health outcomes.

Question 15

People who have adequate social support

Accepted Answer

People with adequate social support tend to experience less stress and have a lower risk of committing suicide, as their social networks provide emotional support, a sense of belonging, and assistance in times of need.

Question 16

Which of the following describes the process of learning about our own abilities and opinions by comparing them with others?

Accepted Answer

Social comparison is the process through which individuals learn about their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves with others. This theory was first proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954, suggesting that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others, to reduce uncertainty in areas where objective measures are lacking.

Question 17

According to the principles of social comparison,

Accepted Answer

Social comparison theory suggests that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others. This often involves comparing ourselves to others in order to evaluate our abilities or opinions.

Question 18

In Stanley Schachter's studies of anxiety,

Accepted Answer

Schachter's studies on anxiety found that participants preferred to wait with others who were undergoing the same severe shock, illustrating the concept of misery loves company and seeking social support from those in similar situations.

Question 19

Richard has been working at his job for about five years. During that time he has seen other employees be promoted ahead of him, even though he does not believe they are more deserving. Richard is likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Egoistic relative deprivation occurs when an individual feels deprived compared to others in similar situations, which fits Richard's situation of seeing others promoted ahead of him.

Question 20

At a large corporation, the female employees feel that they are not promoted as quickly as are the male employees. The female employees are likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Fraternalistic relative deprivation occurs when a group feels that they are disadvantaged compared to another group, which is the case with the female employees feeling they are not promoted as quickly as male employees. This is about the perception of inequality between groups, rather than individuals feeling deprived (egoistic relative deprivation) or feeling excluded (ostracism) or related to their personal identity within a group (egoistic social identity).

Quiz 3: Groups and Their Functions