Question 1

What did Nancy DiTomaso conclude about the persisting opposition by most whites to affirmative action for people of color?

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Question 2

Joe Feagin and Kimberley Ducey write: "[T]he most successful racial "quota" program in U.S. history appears to be the one that sees to it that well-off white men dominate exclusively or very disproportionately most major U.S. institutions." Drawing on data from Chapter 7, support this assertion.

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Question 3

Discuss white women's historical role in creating, maintaining, and benefitting from the ongoing system of racial oppression, including feminist leaders of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and white women in middle- and upper-classes from the 1600s to the 1860s.

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Question 4

Elements of the white racial frame are embraced by powerful white women, and in their important positions in major institutions they too regularly reinforce contemporary patterns of systemic racism. A good example of this supportive role can be seen in presidential elections since the 1950s. Explain.

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Question 5

Unjust impoverishment and the struggle against racism for Americans of color is the flip side of the unjust enrichment and enhanced opportunities for whites coin. This recurring and widespread discrimination has many costs and consequences, not only economic costs but also psychological, physical, family, and community costs. Explain.

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Question 6

A very dramatic indicator of generations of accumulating and privileged white access to socioeconomic resources is seen in measures of household wealth. Explain.

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Question 7

What is toxic inequality?

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Question 8

Explain how the white racial framing of black workers and families has had major political implications, including in recent elections.

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Question 9

Describe the history of undeserved impoverishment for blacks and undeserved advantages for whites, which began at a very early point in U.S. history.

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Question 10

The scholar Thomas Craemer calculated the hours worked by enslaved black men, women, and children from 1776 (the Declaration of Independence) to 1865 (the official end to slavery). Describe his findings.

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Question 11

Discuss the argument of scholars like economist William Darity, who believe "the basis for reparations is slavery, Jim Crow, and ongoing discrimination and racism in the United States."

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Question 12

Explain why inequality in agricultural land was a major cause of persisting racial inequalities after the Civil War.

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Question 13

Monetary figures do not include the great pain and suffering inflicted, the physical abuse, or the many untimely deaths of countless African Americans throughout U.S. history. Discuss the massive non-economic damages that must figure into the ultimate social costs accounting for white oppression targeting African Americans.

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Question 14

Explain why reparations to African Americans is not a fringe idea.

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Question 15

Describe Stephen DeCanio's economic model.

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Question 16

Using Joe Feagin's and Kimberley Ducey's example of a black person and a white person trying to set up a new business, illustrate the continuing impact of past racial oppression.

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Question 17

Drawing on the work of Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro, summarize the impact of various government programs that have aggressively favored whites.

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Question 18

Your classmate and you are working on a paper titled, "The Many Costs of Racial Oppression." Interestingly, your classmate argues that black Americans are now at least roughly equal to white Americans when it comes to most financial and other measures. Clearly, she does not see the many barriers and costs of racism faced today by black Americans. Drawing on Chapters 4 and 7, please enlighten her.

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Question 19

Describe the resiliency of African Americans.

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Question 20

Explain the myth of the U.S. rainbow culture.

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Quiz 7: White Privileges and Black Burdens: Still Systemic Racism