Question 1

Event-event conditioning is also known as:

Accepted Answer

Event-event conditioning is another term for classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a significant event, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to associate a bell with food.

Question 2

Behavior-event conditioning is also known as:

Accepted Answer

Behavior-event conditioning is another term for operant conditioning, where behavior is modified through rewards or punishments following the behavior.

Question 3

Silas has a fear of hypodermic needles. This would be best explained by:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning explains Silas's fear because it involves learning through association. If Silas had a painful or traumatic experience with hypodermic needles in the past, he might have learned to associate needles with pain or fear, leading to his current phobia. This is a classic example of how a neutral stimulus (the needle) can become a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (fear) after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (pain) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (also fear).

Question 4

Dashawn learns that when he washes his hands he has less anxiety and feels better. This would be best explained by:

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning explains this scenario because Dashawn's behavior (washing hands) is reinforced by a positive outcome (reduced anxiety), leading to an increase in the behavior's frequency.

Question 5

The ____ causes a reflexive reaction.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers a reflexive reaction without the need for prior learning.

Question 6

When the probability that the behavior will occur again is increased by the removal of something the subject doesn't want, it is considered a:

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus following a behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. It is different from punishment, which decreases the likelihood of a behavior, and from positive reinforcement, which involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior. Discriminative stimuli signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment, but do not directly influence the likelihood of the behavior occurring again by their removal.

Question 7

Estrella smokes a cigarette to remove feelings of withdrawal. This is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (in this case, withdrawal symptoms) following a behavior (smoking), which makes the behavior more likely to occur in the future.

Question 8

Jorge volunteers for Habitat for Humanity and hurts himself on the site. He winds up loosing a week of work and has over $1,000 in medical debt. Thus he is unlikely to volunteer again. This would be an example of a:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a punishment because Jorge experiences an unpleasant outcome (injury and medical debt) as a result of his behavior (volunteering), which decreases the likelihood that he will engage in that behavior again.

Question 9

Voletta works hard on a paper for her class and gets an A. This would be an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A positive reinforcer is something that, when presented after a behavior, causes the frequency of that behavior to increase. In this case, receiving an A for her hard work increases the likelihood that Voletta will work hard on papers in the future.

Question 10

Gwendolyn has a fear of dogs because a dog bit her once. She wants to get over her fear of dog so she is re[peatedly presented with a dog but without a bite. Now she no longer shows a fear of dogs. This would be an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

This is an example of extinction in classical conditioning, where the conditioned response (fear of dogs) decreases and eventually disappears after the conditioned stimulus (presence of a dog) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (being bitten).

Question 11

Miriam receives extra credit for going to a presentation held after class. This is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers are stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers. In this case, extra credit (which is not inherently rewarding) becomes rewarding because it is associated with the achievement or approval that comes from good grades, which are primary reinforcers.

Question 12

Guillermo helps his friend move for free beer and pizza. This is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Guillermo helps his friend move for free...

Question 13

In which therapeutic technique is a feared object gradually introduced to the patient in order to reduce fear?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization involves the gradual introduction of a feared object or situation to the patient in a controlled manner, with the goal of reducing the fear response over time.

Question 14

A reinforcement system where behavioral compliance can earn a patient a reward is:

Accepted Answer

A token economy is a type of behavior modification program that uses tokens or symbols that can be exchanged for a reward when a desired behavior is performed.

Question 15

Xiomara's dad catches her smoking so he makes her smoke an entire pack of cigarettes until she throws up. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Satiation involves overindulging in a behavior to the point of excess, leading to a negative reaction to the behavior, as seen in the example where Xiomara is made to smoke until she throws up.

Question 16

Beck's cognitive triad includes pessimistic ideas about:

Accepted Answer

Beck's cognitive triad consists of negative views about the self, the environment (or world), and the future. This concept is central to his cognitive theory of depression, suggesting that these pessimistic beliefs contribute to the development and maintenance of depression.

Question 17

When you mix conditioning approaches and thinking approaches, therapeutically you get:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive Behavioral therapies (CBT) are a blend of cognitive and behavioral approaches. They focus on changing unhelpful thinking patterns and behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop personal coping strategies.

Question 18

Biofeedback is a form of:

Accepted Answer

Biofeedback is a form of Cognitive Behavioral therapy that involves using monitoring devices to provide information about physiological processes, which helps individuals learn to control bodily functions.

Question 19

Which form of relaxation therapy involves a therapist that controls the process and makes suggestions while the patient passively receives the treatment?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis involves a therapist who guides the process, making suggestions to the patient who is in a passive, receptive state. This differentiates it from the other options where the individual plays a more active role in the relaxation process.

Question 20

Dialectical Behavioral therapy is generally used to treat:

Accepted Answer

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) is primarily used to treat Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). It focuses on providing therapeutic skills in four key areas: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.

Quiz 12: Psychotherapies II