Question 1

Piaget's emphasis on the interaction among maturation,equilibration,and the child's tendency to act on the environment would suggest that both ________ and ________ are important to development.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory suggests that both biological maturation (nature) and environmental interaction (nurture) are crucial for cognitive development.

Question 2

According to Piaget,a child proceeds to another stage of development when schemes

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, a child proceeds to another stage of development when their schemes undergo substantial modification and reorganization. This process is known as accommodation and is necessary for the child to make sense of new experiences and information that do not fit into their existing cognitive structures. Minor adjustments and modifications via assimilation are not enough to result in a new stage of development.

Question 3

According to Piagetian theory,the ________ component of adaptation is the process of modification in schemes that takes place when old ways of understanding an experience no longer fit.

Accepted Answer

Accommodation is the process of modifying existing cognitive schemas (mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information) in order to accommodate new experiences or information that do not fit into existing schemas. This is a form of adaptation, as it allows individuals to adjust their cognitive frameworks in order to better understand the world around them.

Question 4

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory differs from Skinnerian learning theory in that Bandura's theory allows for

Accepted Answer

Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of mental and motivational factors in learning and behavior, while Skinnerian learning theory focuses solely on observable behavior and operant conditioning. Bandura's theory also allows for an active role of the child in their own learning, which contrasts with a passive role in Skinnerian theory. Additionally, Bandura's theory does not seek to abolish unobservable mental constructs, as Skinnerian theory does.

Question 5

Piaget's belief that intellectual capacities undergo qualitative reorganizations at different periods of development is consistent with a(n)________ theory of development.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a stage theory, as he proposed that individuals progress through distinct stages of cognitive development that are qualitatively different from one another.

Question 6

Cognitive-developmental theories explain knowledge acquisition as the

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, argue that knowledge acquisition is a result of the development of mental structures (such as schemas) that influence how the child interprets and interacts with the world. These structures emerge and develop as the child gains experience and encounters new situations, leading to cognitive growth and the acquisition of new knowledge and abilities.

Question 7

In Piagetian theory,the innate tendency for structures and processes to become more systematic and coherent is called

Accepted Answer

The innate tendency for structures and processes to become more systematic and coherent is called organization in Piagetian theory. Adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to new information by modifying existing knowledge, while assimilation refers to the process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge structures. Accommodation, on the other hand, refers to the process of modifying existing knowledge structures to fit new information.

Question 8

Which of the following learning theory camps is most likely to embrace an interaction among domains approach to development?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theorists typically embrace an interaction among domains approach to development, meaning that they believe that there is a continuous interplay between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors in shaping development. Behaviorists and psychosocial theorists tend to focus more narrowly on either environmental or psychological factors, respectively.

Question 9

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development,equilibration describes the self-regulating process by which

Accepted Answer

Equilibration in Piaget's theory refers to the balance between assimilation and accommodation, which leads to the development of more sophisticated cognitive structures or schemes.

Question 10

Individuals apply schemes as a means of interacting with the environment

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, individuals use schemes to interact with the environment at all levels of development. Schemes are mental representations or organized patterns of behavior that individuals use to understand their world and interact with it. From infancy to adulthood, individuals continually adapt and modify their schemes based on new experiences and information.

Question 11

Maurice is five months old,and his mother is giving him a spoonful of food for the first time.Maurice tries to suck the spoon but soon begins opening his mouth to take in the food and swallow it.Maurice has ________ his eating scheme.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the process of adjusting existing mental frameworks, such as eating schemes, to incorporate new information or experiences is called accommodation. In this scenario, Maurice had to adapt or accommodate his existing eating scheme to take in solid food.

Question 12

________ theories tend to share the fundamental assumption that normal children display common intellectual,emotional,and social capabilities despite widely varying experiences.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, assume that all children go through similar stages of cognitive development, regardless of their individual experiences. This means that normal children are expected to display certain cognitive abilities at similar ages, regardless of their unique upbringing or environmental factors.

Question 13

Recently,Josephine has been able to understand that when you cut a piece of pie in half you still have the same amount of pie,something she was not able to understand a short time ago.According to Piaget's theory,Josephine

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive development occurs through a series of stages that build upon each other. Josephine's understanding of conservation of quantity (that the amount of pie remains the same despite a change in appearance) indicates that she has advanced to the concrete operational stage of cognitive development, typically occurring between the ages of 7-12 years. This suggests that she has achieved a significant milestone in her cognitive development. The fact that she has understood this concept without any immediate reward or reinforcement rules out option B. Option A is incorrect as Piaget's theory does not have any specific age requirements for each stage. Option D is incorrect as the theory suggests that understanding the principle of conservation will generalize to other stimuli, although it may take time for the child to apply it in different contexts.

Question 14

Yvonne,upon seeing a horse for the first time,says "doggie." According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,Yvonne is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing mental schemas or categories. Yvonne's "doggie" label for the horse shows that she is trying to make sense of the horse by categorizing it as a familiar object that she already knows. This is an example of assimilation.

Question 15

When a new experience causes a cognitive imbalance,the process of ________ corrects this imbalance by modifying the child's schemes through assimilation and accommodation.

Accepted Answer

Equilibration is the process by which a child achieves cognitive balance or equilibrium by modifying their existing schemes through assimilation (integrating new information into existing schemes) and accommodation (modifying existing schemes to fit new information). This process helps the child to achieve a more sophisticated understanding of the world around them.

Question 16

Because learning theorists believe that behaviors are accumulative,both behavior analysts and social learning theorists view development as a ________ process.

Accepted Answer

Since both behavior analysts and social learning theorists believe that behaviors are accumulative, they view development as a continuous process. This means that development occurs gradually and continuously over time, rather than in distinct stages or steps.

Question 17

According to Piaget,intelligence is a form of ________ that becomes ________ as the individual interacts with the external world.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, intelligence is a form of biological adaptation that becomes organized through interactions with the external world. Piaget believed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through exploration and manipulation of their environment. As they encounter new experiences, they incorporate them into their existing mental structures, or schemas, and modify them to better fit their understanding of the world. This process of adaptation involves two complementary processes: assimilation, or the incorporation of new experiences into existing schemas, and accommodation, or the modification of existing schemas to accommodate new experiences. These processes lead to increasingly complex and organized cognitive structures.

Question 18

Social learning theory is now commonly referred to as social cognitive theory because

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory was initially developed by Albert Bandura, who focused on the importance of observational learning and modeling. However, as the theory evolved, other theorists recognized the significance of cognitive processes such as attention, memory, production, and motivation for learning. Therefore, the term social cognitive theory is now commonly used to reflect this expanded understanding of how people learn and develop.

Question 19

In Piagetian theory,the innate tendency to adjust or become more attuned to conditions imposed by the environment is called

Accepted Answer

Piagetian theory posits that the innate tendency to adjust or become more attuned to conditions imposed by the environment is called adaptation, which involves both assimilation (interpreting new experiences in ways that fit with existing mental schemas) and accommodation (changing existing mental schemas to fit with new experiences). The other options are not accurate descriptions of this concept.

Question 20

According to Piagetian theory,the ________ component of adaptation is the process of interpreting an experience in terms of current schemes.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, assimilation is the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures or schemes. This is the cognitive process through which individuals can incorporate new information into their pre-existing schemas.

Quiz 1: Themes and Theories

Piaget's emphasis on the interaction among maturation,equilibration,and the child's tendency to act on the environment would suggest that both and are important to development.