Question 1

Two-and-a-half-year-old Regis understands that another's perspective may not be identical to his own.Thus,Regis has acquired

Accepted Answer

Level 1 perspective taking, which Regis has acquired, involves understanding that others can have different perspectives from one's own. This ability typically develops around age 2 to 3.

Question 2

The concept of a "theory of mind" refers to children's

Accepted Answer

A theory of mind refers to one's ability to understand their own and others' mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions. It involves developing the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, and to recognize that others may have different beliefs and perspectives than oneself. This understanding typically develops around the age of 4-5 years and is an important aspect of social and emotional development.

Question 3

Which of the following is a reason for a child's poor performance on a referential communication task?

Accepted Answer

Understanding the intent of others is a key aspect of referential communication, as it requires the child to infer the speaker's meaning and use context cues to identify the referent. If the child can't do this, their performance on the task is likely to be poor. The other options (A, B, and D) may be related to language or communication skills, but they are not directly relevant to understanding the intent of others in a referential communication task.

Question 4

Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for the fact that both deaf children who are not exposed to sign language and autistic children fail to develop a theory of mind?

Accepted Answer

Conversational experience plays a crucial role in the development of a theory of mind, which explains why both deaf children not exposed to sign language and autistic children may struggle in this area.

Question 5

Gina,who is five,had a dream that a strange dog was licking her face.When she woke up,she asked her mother to help her find the strange dog in her room.Gina's confusion between her dream and the real world is what Piaget referred to as

Accepted Answer

Gina's confusion between her dream and reality is an example of what Jean Piaget referred to as "realism." In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, realism refers to the difficulty that children have in distinguishing between internal, subjective experiences and external, objective reality. In this case, Gina is unable to differentiate between the dream of the dog licking her face (an internal experience) and the actual presence of a dog in her room (external reality).

Question 6

Marcel has been diagnosed as having autism.According to various researchers,Marcel may have difficulty acquiring all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor skills involve the ability to coordinate sensory and motor functions, such as reaching and grasping. They are typically acquired in early infancy and are not typically affected by autism. On the other hand, individuals with autism often have difficulty with acquiring a theory of mind (understanding others' mental states), language, and the ability to disengage attention.

Question 7

By age ten,children understand that some mental states are more difficult to control than others.Therefore,ten-year-old Carter is likely to have the least trouble controlling his own

Accepted Answer

According to research on developmental psychology, as children grow older, they become more adept at regulating their own attention, which means they are less likely to be easily distracted by external stimuli. Therefore, by age ten, children like Carter are likely to have less trouble controlling their attention compared to other mental states such as fear or wanting. The personal fable is a type of cognitive distortion that manifests during adolescence, so it is not relevant to Carter's age group.

Question 8

While looking at family pictures,three-year-old Levi turned a photo around so that his mother could see it too.Levi is showing evidence of

Accepted Answer

The answer of While looking at family pictures,three-year-old Levi turned...

Question 9

Evan,a three year old,prefers to stay by himself rather than interact with others,has not acquired language,and often engages in repetitious behavior.Evan's behavior suggests that he is

Accepted Answer

Evan's behavior suggests that he is autistic. The symptoms mentioned, such as preferring to be alone, not acquiring language, and engaging in repetitious behavior are all common indicators of autism. Egocentric, realistic, and animistic do not adequately explain Evan's behavior.

Question 10

The Piagetian notion that young children cannot distinguish mental activity from physical events is called

Accepted Answer

Realism, in the context of Piaget's theory, refers to the inability of young children to distinguish between their own thoughts and the external world, leading them to attribute physical properties to their thoughts and ideas.

Question 11

Children become capable of intentional deception around

Accepted Answer

Children typically become capable of intentional deception around twenty-four months (2 years) of age. At this stage, they start to understand that others have different beliefs and perspectives, which is a fundamental aspect of engaging in deception.

Question 12

Preschoolers often display ________ in tasks that test for perspective-taking ability.

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is the tendency to view the world solely from one's own perspective, ignoring the perspectives of others. Preschool children often struggle with perspective-taking tasks because of their egocentric thinking.

Question 13

Four-year-old Kathryn understands that another's perspective can differ from her own,and she tries to determine the specific limitations of another's perspective.Thus,Kathryn has acquired

Accepted Answer

Level 2 perspective taking involves understanding that another person's perspective may differ from one's own and can involve trying to determine the specific limitations of another's perspective. This aligns with Kathryn's behavior described in the scenario.

Question 14

Recent research has shown that three-year-olds often operate according to a "false belief." That is,they believe that

Accepted Answer

Recent research indicates that three-year-olds typically do not understand that other people may have different information than they do, leading them to operate under the assumption that others share the same knowledge about an event as they do. This is known as a "false belief" understanding, which develops as children grow older and begin to understand that different people can have different perspectives and information.

Question 15

Children who begin to accurately answer questions about the mental states that others may experience,including desires,deceptions,and beliefs,are said to be acquiring an understanding of

Accepted Answer

The ability to understand and make inferences about the mental states of others, such as beliefs and desires, is known as theory of mind. Therefore, the best choice is D. Perspective taking refers to the ability to see things from another person's point of view, but it does not necessarily involve understanding their mental states. Realism and configurational knowledge are not related to the development of theory of mind.

Question 16

In an experiment to determine deception in children,the youngest children were

Accepted Answer

Younger children are less skilled at maintaining a lie, making them more likely to get caught.

Question 17

Which of the following pieces of evidence does not suggest that theory of mind is an innate,modular form of knowledge that becomes more elaborate with maturation?

Accepted Answer

This piece of evidence suggests that the development of theory of mind is influenced by social interactions and experiences, rather than being purely innate or modular.

Question 18

Beginning in ________,children realize that a way to maintain deceit is to not break eye contact.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Beginning in ________,children realize that a way...

Question 19

Communication in situations that require the speaker to describe an object to a listener or to evaluate the effectiveness of a message is called

Accepted Answer

Referential communication involves describing an object or evaluating a message in order to convey information to the listener. Turnabout refers to a conversational strategy, turn taking refers to the exchange of speaker and listener roles, and demonstrative pragmatics relates to the use of nonverbal elements (e.g. gestures) to convey meaning.

Question 20

Which of the following pieces of evidence does not suggest that socialization can impact the development of a theory of mind?

Accepted Answer

Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language are still able to develop a theory of mind, suggesting that socialization is not the only factor impacting its development.

Quiz 9: Social Cognition