Question 1

The Canadian government forced Aboriginal children into the residential schooling system, which imposed European language, culture, and religion upon them. Which of the following terms best describes the consequences of these actions?

Accepted Answer

The imposition of European language, culture, and religion upon Aboriginal children resulted in the suppression and erasure of their own Indigenous cultures, traditions, and languages. The forced assimilation and cultural suppression of Indigenous communities amount to cultural genocide.

Question 2

What form of internal colonialism did the Québécois experience at the hands of the British in 1759?

Accepted Answer

The Québécois experienced conquest at the hands of the British in 1759, when the Battle of the Plaines of Abraham led to the British taking control of Quebec City and the wider Quebec region. This conquest allowed the British to establish political and economic dominance over the Québécois, who were subjected to British laws and customs. This can be seen as a form of internal colonialism, as it involved the exploitation of a group within a larger political entity.

Question 3

Historically, internal colonialism resulted in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Internal colonialism typically involves the domination and exploitation of ethnic or minority groups by a more powerful group within the same country, often resulting in racism and discrimination against the subordinate group. Upward social mobility, assimilation, and pluralism are not necessarily common outcomes of internal colonialism.

Question 4

In the post-Quiet Revolution period, Québécois governments implemented initiatives, such as active state interventions in non-francophone institutions and compulsory French language training. Which of the following was the primary goal of these initiatives?

Accepted Answer

The primary goal of these initiatives was to ensure that the Québécois community could survive and gain equality. This included interventions in non-francophone institutions to ensure that French culture and language were recognized and respected, as well as compulsory French language training to promote assimilation of immigrants and ensure that all Quebec residents could participate fully in the political and economic life of the province. These initiatives were seen as necessary to protect the distinctiveness and vitality of the Québécois community in the face of external pressures and to promote its continued existence and growth within Canada. Maintaining francophone pride and preserving cultural distinctiveness as a tourist attraction may have been secondary goals, but the primary focus was on ensuring the survival and equality of the Québécois community. Guaranteeing federal transfer payments was not the primary goal of these initiatives but rather a condition of Quebec's participation in the Canadian federation.

Question 5

Which of the following has as its consequence the prevention of assimilation of colonized groups through segregation of jobs, housing, and social contacts?

Accepted Answer

Internal colonialism refers to a situation where a dominant group takes control over a minority group within the same country, preventing assimilation through segregation of jobs, housing, and social contacts. This can lead to unequal access to resources and power for the colonized group. Resistance to domination may also arise as a consequence of internal colonialism, but it is not the direct consequence of preventing assimilation through segregation. Expulsion and ecological succession are not related to the prevention of assimilation through segregation.

Question 6

In 1759, the British conquered the French in North America. What term do sociologists use for the social consequences that were created and have remained in place by this conquest?

Accepted Answer

Ethnic stratification refers to the division of society into groups based on ethnicity, with some groups being privileged and others disadvantaged. The conquest of the French by the British in North America is an example of ethnic stratification, as the British became the dominant group and the French were marginalized. This has had long-lasting social consequences that continue to affect society today.

Question 7

What was the primary process of internal colonialism used by the Europeans against Canada's Aboriginal peoples?

Accepted Answer

The primary process of internal colonialism used by Europeans against Canada's Aboriginal peoples was the forced removal of Aboriginal people from their territories. This was done through various means, such as the Indian Act, residential schools, and the Sixties Scoop. Aboriginal peoples were forcibly relocated to reserves that were often far from their traditional lands, and they were not allowed to leave without permission from the government. This process led to the loss of culture, language, and connection to the land for many Aboriginal peoples.

Question 8

What happened to the Beothuk people of Newfoundland and Labrador after the arrival of Europeans?

Accepted Answer

After the arrival of Europeans, the Beothuk people of Newfoundland and Labrador became victims of genocide. Due to the introduction of diseases, conflicts with settlers over resources and land, and the kidnapping of Indigenous people for trade or slavery, the Beothuk population rapidly declined. In 1829, the last known Beothuk woman, Shanawdithit, died, effectively bringing an end to the Beothuk people.

Question 9

The current reduced longevity and high rates of poverty, unemployment, ill health, and violence within Canada's Aboriginal populations are a consequence of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The term "internal colonialism" refers to the systemic marginalization and oppression of Indigenous peoples within their own territories by dominant colonial powers. This has resulted in the displacement of Indigenous peoples from their traditional territories, loss of culture and language, and reduced access to basic resources and services such as housing, education, and healthcare. These factors have contributed to the current social, economic, and health disparities experienced by Indigenous populations in Canada. Culture lag and cultural resistance may be factors in the maintenance of Indigenous cultures, but do not fully explain the current challenges facing Indigenous populations. Assimilation, which refers to the forced adoption of mainstream cultural practices and customs, has historically been a goal of colonial powers but is now recognized as inappropriate and harmful.

Question 10

What best describes John A. Macdonald's plan for Canada's Aboriginal people?

Accepted Answer

John A. Macdonald's plan for Canada's Aboriginal people was assimilation. This involved forcing them to adopt European customs and values, and to abandon their own cultures and traditions. The government established residential schools where Aboriginal children were taken from their families and punished for speaking their own languages or practicing their own religions. This policy was harmful and contributed to the intergenerational trauma experienced by Indigenous peoples in Canada.

Question 11

According to critics, the passage of the Indian Act, the establishment of the reserve system, and the creation of residential schools was an attempt to obliterate the First Nations people in Canada, not assimilate them. Thus, Canada is accused of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The passing of the Indian Act, establishment of the reserve system, and creation of residential schools all contributed to the cultural genocide of First Nations people in Canada. These actions were an attempt to erase Indigenous culture and replace it with European culture, language, and values. Therefore, the best choice is cultural genocide.

Question 12

What term is used for the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population?

Accepted Answer

Expulsion means the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population. Relocation refers to voluntary or forced movement of people within a country, colonialism refers to the practice of acquiring or maintaining political control over other countries or territories, and slavery means the involuntary control and exploitation of individuals for labor or other purposes.

Question 13

According to the text, who have been the main victims of internal colonialism in Canada?

Accepted Answer

The text mentions several times that the main victims of internal colonialism in Canada have been Aboriginal peoples.

Question 14

The Canadian government instituted a policy of forcibly placing Aboriginal children in residential schools. Which of the following terms best describes the effects this had on Aboriginal cultures?

Accepted Answer

The policy of forcibly placing Aboriginal children in residential schools was a deliberate and systematic attempt to strip them of their language, culture, and traditions. This amounted to cultural genocide, as it sought to destroy the essential elements of Aboriginal cultures and replace them with Western values and norms. While the term "institutional racism" also applies to this policy, it does not capture the full extent of the harm that was inflicted upon Aboriginal communities by the residential school system. The terms "slavery" and "conquest" are not as applicable, as Aboriginal peoples were not considered property to be bought and sold, nor were they conquered in a territorial sense (although they were certainly subjugated by colonial powers).

Question 15

In a class discussion on the treatment of Aboriginals by the Canadian government, Jesse described what happened to his grandmother when she was a child. At around the age of 8 years she was forcibly removed from her parents' home and taken to a school over 800 kilometres away. At the school she was forbidden to speak her own language and prevented from seeing her parents. She didn't see her mother for six and a half years. What was the name of this kind of school?

Accepted Answer

Residential schools were institutions created by the Canadian government and run by churches where Indigenous children were taken from their families and communities and forced to assimilate to Euro-Canadian culture. The children were often forbidden from speaking their own language and punished for practicing their own culture and traditions. The goal of residential schools was to assimilate Indigenous children into mainstream Canadian society and erase Indigenous cultures and traditions. The impact of residential schools on Indigenous communities has been devastating and continues to affect generations of Indigenous peoples in Canada today.

Question 16

René and Jacques were discussing their grandparents experience growing up in Quebec City in the Great Depression. Both of their grandparents remembered very clearly that all the men who worked with them on the docks were French-speaking, and how they came to resent that, even though all the work was done in French, their bosses never bothered to learn to speak French. What do sociologists call this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The answer of René and Jacques were discussing their grandparents...

Question 17

Which of the following can be thought of as a catalyst for the upsurge in Quebec nationalism in the 1960s?

Accepted Answer

The Quiet Revolution refers to a period of political and social transformation in Quebec during the 1960s, marked by the rise of secularism, modernization, and a push for greater autonomy for Quebec. This period is often seen as a catalyst for the upsurge in Quebec nationalism, as it led to a renewed sense of pride and identity among Quebecois citizens. The other options, such as secularization, the October Crisis, and large-scale immigration, may have played a role in shaping Quebec nationalism during this period, but they were not necessarily the primary catalysts.

Question 18

What is the intentional extermination of an entire ethnic or racial population called?

Accepted Answer

Genocide is the intentional killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. It is the term used to describe the systematic extermination of an entire ethnic or racial population. The other options, relocation, colonialism, and expulsion, do not necessarily involve the intention of extermination.

Question 19

Which of the following prevents assimilation by segregating the colonized from the colonizers in terms of jobs, housing, and social contacts?

Accepted Answer

Internal colonialism refers to the process where the dominant group within a society segregates and marginalizes a minority group through policies such as job discrimination, housing segregation, and limited social contacts. This prevents assimilation by creating a power dynamic between the colonizers and the colonized, making it difficult for the minority group to fully integrate into the dominant culture. Racism and ethnocentrism may also contribute to this process, but internal colonialism specifically refers to the systematic marginalization of a minority group within a larger society. Cultural genocide, on the other hand, typically involves the deliberate destruction of a minority group's culture and identity through forced assimilation or the destruction of cultural artifacts and traditions.

Question 20

According to the textbook, what type of internal colonialism most accurately describes the treatment of Canada's Aboriginal peoples in the eighteenth century?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the textbook, what type of...

Quiz 7: Race and Ethnicity