Question 1

According to Piaget, a __________ is an 'internalised mental action that is part of a logical system'.

Accepted Answer

Piaget referred to a "logical operation" as an internalized mental action that allows an individual to do mentally what was done physically before, such as imagining the steps of a math problem instead of using physical objects. This is part of his theory on the stages of cognitive development, where logical operations signify the transition to more advanced stages of cognitive processing.

Question 2

A review by Dasen(1972) may show that culture _______________ the development of concrete operational reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

What is 'one-to-one correspondence'?

Accepted Answer

One-to-one correspondence refers to the counting principle where each object being counted is assigned one and only one number to represent its quantity, ensuring that every object is counted once and only once.

Question 4

Brain scans of children with dyscalculia have shown decreased activation in ___________ tasks.

Accepted Answer

Numerosity comparison tasks involve comparing the number of objects in two sets, which is a fundamental skill for mathematical development. Children with dyscalculia have difficulty with this task, which may be due to decreased activation in the brain regions responsible for processing numerical information.

Question 5

______________ is the number of items that can be accurately recalled in the correct order.

Accepted Answer

Memory span refers to the number of items (like digits, letters, or words) that an individual can hold in their short-term memory and accurately recall in the correct order.

Question 6

Videotapes of five- to eight-year-old children trying to solve the balance beam problem were inspected. When weight and distance were in conflict in the balance beam problem, which of the following was observed?

Accepted Answer

Preoperational children, typically ranging from ages 2 to 7, tend to focus on one aspect of a problem at a time. In the balance beam problem, they might focus on the weight without considering the distance from the fulcrum, leading them to treat each side as separate entities rather than understanding the interplay between weight and distance.

Question 7

Children who are good at writing numbers are generally also good at ...

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children who are good at writing numbers...

Question 8

According to Hulme, Thomson, Muir and Lawrence(1984), an increase in the rate of articulation as children get older is one way to explain …

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Hulme, Thomson, Muir and Lawrence(1984),...

Question 9

In Baddeley and Hitch's(1974) model of working memory, the 'central executive' component …

Accepted Answer

The 'central executive' component in Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory is responsible for controlling attention and coordinating the activities of the other components in the system, rather than holding specific types of information or acting as a 'slave' component.

Question 10

In the middle school period, Piaget would say that thinking is limited due to reliance on _______________ for support.

Accepted Answer

During the middle school period, according to Piaget, children are in the concrete operational stage, where their thinking is limited because they rely on concrete objects or experiences for cognitive support. They struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts.

Question 11

Consider the following problem: 'If stick A is longer than stick B, and stick B is longer than stick C, which is the longest?' This problem involves making a …

Accepted Answer

Transitive inference is used in this problem because it involves understanding the relationship between two objects (A and B, B and C) to infer a relationship between a different pair of objects (A and C), concluding that A is the longest.

Question 12

Saxe(1981) found that young Oksapmin children had trouble thinking about numbers independently from …

Accepted Answer

The answer of Saxe(1981) found that young Oksapmin children had...

Question 13

The first addition strategy used by children is usually …

Accepted Answer

Counting all is typically the first addition strategy used by children, where they count each object in both groups to find the total.

Question 14

A child gives the following explanation in the conservation task involving liquid: 'If the water were to be poured back, the levels would be just the same as before.' What rule is this child using?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child gives the following explanation in...

Question 15

A study with coloured rods by Bryant and Trabasso(1971) showed that children's difficulties with transitive inferences may be due to …

Accepted Answer

The study suggested that children's difficulties with transitive inferences were primarily due to memory limitations, as they struggled to remember all the necessary information to make the inference.

Question 16

In order to know the value of '1' in a number such as '213', children must learn to understand …

Accepted Answer

Place value is the concept that the value of a digit depends on its position within a number. Understanding place value is crucial for recognizing that in the number 213, the '1' represents ten because of its position.

Question 17

Children's performance on the balance beam task shows that …

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children's performance on the balance beam task...

Question 18

Navajo Indian children performing better than non-Navajo peer on a route-finding task may imply that …

Accepted Answer

The performance of Navajo Indian children on a route-finding task suggests that their experiences, potentially including cultural practices or environmental interactions, play a significant role in shaping their problem-solving abilities. This highlights the importance of considering the impact of experience on cognitive development.

Question 19

Piaget's famous problem in which the child is asked about a necklace made up of seven brown, and three white, beads is best described as being a task about measuring …

Accepted Answer

This task is about class inclusion because it assesses the child's ability to understand that the brown and white beads, despite being different, are both part of a larger category of beads.

Question 20

Siegler(1976) predicted that children would use _______________ to solve the balance beam task.

Accepted Answer

Siegler (1976) proposed that children use one of four rules in a rule-assessment approach to solve the balance beam task, with each rule representing a progressively more sophisticated understanding of how balance works.

Quiz 10: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood