Question 1

Three main factors contribute to multi-tasking fluency. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) automaticity
B) multiplicity of resources
C) confusion
D) recognition memory

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

A task is said to be data limited when the performance-resource function is:
A) flat
B) decreasing
C) increasing
D) curved

Accepted Answer

A task is considered data limited when adding more computational resources does not significantly improve performance, hence the performance-resource function is flat.

Question 3

The variable plotted on the X axis of the performance resource function corresponds to:
A) the number of resources used
B) the degree of task similarity
C) the resources invested
D) task duration

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

Trying hard to understand an unknown foreign language is an example of:
A) a data limited task
B) a resource limited task
C) resource allocation
D) separated auditory resources

Accepted Answer

Understanding an unknown foreign language is a data limited task because the challenge arises from the lack of information or knowledge about the language itself, rather than a lack of cognitive resources.

Question 5

There are four dimensions of multiple resource theory. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) stages (perception vs response)
B) codes (verbal vs spatial)
C) memory (long term versus working)
D) visual channels (focal versus ambient)

Accepted Answer

Multiple Resource Theory, proposed by Wickens, suggests that human information processing resources can be divided based on four dimensions: stages (perception vs. response), codes (verbal vs. spatial), modalities (e.g., auditory vs. visual), and visual channels (focal vs. ambient). The option regarding memory (long term versus working) is not one of these dimensions, making it the correct answer.

Question 6

An example of two processes that use different resources in multiple resource theory of multi-tasking efficiency would be:
A) perception vs working memory
B) perception versus response selection
C) response selection versus response execution
D) all of the above pairs use different resources

Accepted Answer

The answer of An example of two processes that use...

Question 7

When we talk and listen at the same time we are using:
A) different resources
B) the same resources
C) both (a) and (b)
D) automaticity

Accepted Answer

Talking and listening simultaneously involve using both different and the same cognitive resources. Different in the sense that speaking and listening engage separate processes (production vs. comprehension), but the same in that both activities require attention and working memory, thus sharing some cognitive resources.

Question 8

According to multiple resource theory presented in the chapter, detecting changes in the roadway environment will be most disrupted by:
A) talking
B) working memory rehearsal
C) steering
D) humming

Accepted Answer

Working memory rehearsal is the most cognitively demanding task and will therefore be most disrupted by changes in the roadway environment.

Question 9

The success of steering while talking, when driving a car, is a function of the ____ dimension of the multiple resource model.
A) stages
B) codes
C) modalities
D) visual channels

Accepted Answer

The answer of The success of steering while talking, when...

Question 10

In the multiple resource model, the difference in resources between modalities is defined by:
A) vision vs tactile
B) vision vs auditory
C) auditory vs tactile
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The multiple resource model suggests that there are different cognitive resources for processing information from different modalities (e.g., visual, auditory, tactile). Thus, the differences in resources can be observed between all listed pairs: vision vs. tactile, vision vs. auditory, and auditory vs. tactile.

Question 11

When a discrete auditory sound pulls attention away from a visual task like driving, this phenomenon produces evidence AGAINST the role of :
A) auditory preemption
B) multiple resources
C) automaticity
D) similarity-based confusion

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon suggests that attention is limited and shared across modalities, which contradicts the multiple resources theory that proposes separate resources for different sensory modalities.

Question 12

In a dual task driving situation, presenting navigational information redundantly in auditory and visual channels will usually provide a benefit to:
A) the speed of processing the navigational information
B) the accuracy of perceiving the navigational information
C) the effort required to process the information
D) the performance (lane keeping) of the driving task.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a dual task driving situation, presenting...

Question 13

The two visual channels in the multiple resource model will be useful:
A) for reading print while processing flow fields (e.g. walking)
B) for processing color and fine detail in parallel
C) for processing fast versus slow motion
D) for perceiving print versus pictures.

Accepted Answer

The two visual channels in the multiple resource model are useful for reading print while processing flow fields (e.g. walking) because the ventral stream is responsible for processing object recognition and the dorsal stream is responsible for processing spatial information.

Question 14

Of the different factors influencing time sharing efficiency, which is most closely associated with executive control?
A) multiplicity of resources
B) effort
C) resource allocation
D) similarity-based confusion

Accepted Answer

Resource allocation is most closely associated with executive control in the context of time sharing efficiency. Executive control involves managing attention and resources, making decisions on how to allocate these resources effectively among competing tasks.

Question 15

When cell phone conversation disrupts driving, we associate this most closely with the failure of:
A) effort and automaticity
B) differences in the resources demanded
C) similarity of task compatibility mappings
D) resource allocation

Accepted Answer

When cell phone conversation disrupts driving, it is most closely associated with the failure of resource allocation. This is because both tasks (driving and conversing on a cell phone) demand attention from the same cognitive resources, leading to a competition for these limited resources, which can impair performance in one or both tasks.

Question 16

Generally, switching between which kinds of tasks will take longer:
A) from a digit class to a letter class
B) from a letter class to a digit class
C) from a digit task based on one mapping rule to another
D) from one visual task to another

Accepted Answer

Switching between tasks that require different rules or mappings, such as from one digit task based on one mapping rule to another, typically takes longer due to the need to reconfigure cognitive processes and adjust to new task demands.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of human performance that can account for variability in multitask proficiency across task configurations and across people?
A) the time allocated to each task
B) the effort demands of a task
C) the strategies used in discrete task switching
D) the relative priority or emphasis given on one task or another

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 18

A general finding is that _______ongoing tasks (OT) are more resistant to being interrupted:
A) visual
B) stable
C) procedural
D) auditory

Accepted Answer

The answer of A general finding is that _______ongoing tasks...

Question 19

In the OT-IT-OT interruption management sequence, the fluency of return at switch 2 is better:
A) if there is a delay at Switch 1
B) if there is a delay at switch 2
C) if IT and OT are similar
D) all of the above are true

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the OT-IT-OT interruption management sequence, the...

Question 20

Interruptions in an ongoing task are found to be least disruptive when:
A) they are similar to the ongoing task
B) they occur just before a subgoal completion
C) they occur just after a subgoal completion
D) all of the above factors minimize disruption

Accepted Answer

Interruptions are least disruptive when they occur just after a subgoal completion, as this aligns with a natural break in the task, allowing for easier resumption of the primary task.

Quiz 10: Multi-Tasking

Three main factors contribute to multi-tasking fluency. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A task is said to be data limited when the performance-resource function is:

The variable plotted on the X axis of the performance resource function corresponds to:

Trying hard to understand an unknown foreign language is an example of:

There are four dimensions of multiple resource theory. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

An example of two processes that use different resources in multiple resource theory of multi-tasking efficiency would be:

When we talk and listen at the same time we are using:

According to multiple resource theory presented in the chapter, detecting changes in the roadway environment will be most disrupted by:

The success of steering while talking, when driving a car, is a function of the ____ dimension of the multiple resource model.

In the multiple resource model, the difference in resources between modalities is defined by:

When a discrete auditory sound pulls attention away from a visual task like driving, this phenomenon produces evidence AGAINST the role of :

In a dual task driving situation, presenting navigational information redundantly in auditory and visual channels will usually provide a benefit to:

The two visual channels in the multiple resource model will be useful:

Of the different factors influencing time sharing efficiency, which is most closely associated with executive control?

When cell phone conversation disrupts driving, we associate this most closely with the failure of:

Generally, switching between which kinds of tasks will take longer:

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of human performance that can account for variability in multitask proficiency across task configurations and across people?

A general finding is that _______ongoing tasks (OT) are more resistant to being interrupted:

In the OT-IT-OT interruption management sequence, the fluency of return at switch 2 is better:

Interruptions in an ongoing task are found to be least disruptive when: