Question 1

The exponential rate of changes over the years in the speed and capacity of computers is known as:
A) Fitts Law
B) Yerkes Dodson Law
C) Moore's Law
D) Power Law

Accepted Answer

Moore's Law describes the observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, though the cost of computers is halved, leading to exponential increases in computing power and speed over time.

Question 2

Many factors are responsible for the widespread implementation of automation. An example of a benefit is:
A) reduced labor costs
B) enhanced safety
C) increasing efficiency
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Automation offers multiple benefits, including reduced labor costs, enhanced safety, and increased efficiency, making all the options correct.

Question 3

An automated system is developed to provide medical diagnoses of patients to the physician. This is an example of automation being implemented because:
A) humans cannot perform the task
B) humans are not smart enough
C) human performance can be assisted or augmented
D) it is cheaper to use automation

Accepted Answer

Automation in this context is used to augment or assist human performance, specifically to enhance the physician's ability to diagnose by providing additional insights or processing large amounts of data more efficiently than a human could.

Question 4

An automated system is developed to control the guidance of a rocket. This is an example of automation being implemented because:
A) humans cannot perform the task
B) humans are not smart enough
C) it is cheaper to use automation
D) any of these

Accepted Answer

Automated systems are often developed for tasks that are beyond human capabilities, such as controlling the precise guidance of a rocket, due to the extreme precision, speed, and reliability required.

Question 5

Automation is often implemented in the work place because of:
A) human performance limitations
B) economic factors
C) safety factors
D) any of these

Accepted Answer

Automation can be implemented for a variety of reasons including human performance limitations (such as tasks that require precision or are beyond human physical capabilities), economic factors (such as reducing labor costs or increasing efficiency), and safety factors (such as performing dangerous tasks in hazardous environments).

Question 6

The grounding of the cruise ship Royal Majesty off the coast of Nantucket is often cited as an example of an automation-related accident associated with:
A) automation-related complacency
B) reduced trust in automation
C) poor navigation skill
D) fatigue

Accepted Answer

The grounding of the Royal Majesty is a classic example of automation-related complacency, where the crew overly relied on the automated navigation system without adequately verifying the ship's position through traditional navigation methods, leading to the ship running aground.

Question 7

A system in which a human operator does not directly operate on the physical process being controlled but does so through a computer that has effectors to act on the environment based on information obtained from sensors, is called:
A) direct control
B) supervisory control
C) indirect control
D) remote control

Accepted Answer

Supervisory control refers to a system where a human operator oversees and manages the process being controlled indirectly through a computer. The computer uses sensors to gather information about the environment and effectors to act upon it, while the human operator makes decisions based on the information provided by the computer. This setup is common in automated and complex systems where direct human control is impractical or impossible.

Question 8

A computerized diagnosis system that offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives to the human decision maker is an example of automation at a relatively _______ level.
A) low
B) medium
C) high
D) autonomous

Accepted Answer

The answer of A computerized diagnosis system that offers a...

Question 9

In the levels and stages model of automation proposed by Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens (2000), automation at the information analysis stage is proposed to support the _______ stage of human information processing.
A) action selection
B) decision choice selection
C) sensory memory
D) working memory

Accepted Answer

Automation at the information analysis stage is designed to support the working memory stage of human information processing by helping to organize, interpret, and analyze information.

Question 10

Automation of information acquisition applies to the ____, _______and ______. Which of the following is NOT one of the three.
A) sensing
B) gathering
C) separating
D) filtering of input data

Accepted Answer

Automation of information acquisition typically involves sensing, gathering, and filtering of input data. Separating is not commonly listed among these processes, as it does not directly relate to the initial acquisition of information.

Question 11

Airborne traffic warning systems that provide a resolution advisory to pilots to avoid a collision are an example of _______ automation.
A) decision making and action selection
B) information acquisition
C) information analysis
D) action implementation

Accepted Answer

Airborne traffic warning systems that provide resolution advisories for collision avoidance are involved in decision making and action selection, guiding pilots on what actions to take to prevent a collision.

Question 12

Remote, robotic surgery is an example of _______ automation.
A) decision making and action selection
B) information acquisition
C) information analysis
D) action implementation

Accepted Answer

Remote, robotic surgery is an example of action implementation automation, where the system performs specific actions or tasks, such as surgical procedures, based on commands or inputs from a human operator.

Question 13

The final stage, ________, refers to the physical accomplishment of the decision choice, or response execution in the context of the model of information processing
A) decision making and action selection
B) action implementation
C) information analysis
D) information acquisition

Accepted Answer

Action implementation is the final stage in the model of information processing, where the decision made is physically executed.

Question 14

The cockpit Flight Management System (FMS) occasionally leads pilots to ask the question "why is it doing this?" This phenomenon has been called:
A) automation-related complacency
B) automation surprises
C) human-centered automation
D) none of these

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon where pilots are puzzled by the actions of the Flight Management System (FMS) and ask "why is it doing this?" is known as "automation surprises." This term refers to situations where the behavior of automated systems is unexpected or not understood by the users, leading to confusion or operational challenges.

Question 15

Deficiencies in the feedback that automated systems provide to the human operator can impair performance. An example of such a deficiency is:
A) no feedback
B) feedback with low salience
C) ambiguous feedback (not presented in a coherent easy-to-interpret display)
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

All of these options represent deficiencies in feedback from automated systems that can impair human operator performance. No feedback leaves the operator without any guidance, feedback with low salience may not capture the operator's attention, and ambiguous feedback can lead to confusion and misinterpretation.

Question 16

There is probably no variable more important in human-automation interaction than that of ____.
A) feedback
B) transparency
C) trust
D) automation dependence

Accepted Answer

Trust is crucial in human-automation interaction because it influences how humans perceive, rely on, and use automated systems. If users do not trust the automation, they are less likely to use it or may misuse it, impacting the effectiveness and efficiency of the interaction.

Question 17

One of the most critical factors influencing trust in automation is:
A) automation reliability
B) operator workload
C) automation feedback
D) operator fatigue

Accepted Answer

Automation reliability is crucial because if the system consistently performs as expected, users are more likely to trust it.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of trust. Hoff and Bashir (2015)
A) experimental trust
B) dispositional trust
C) situational trust
D) learned trust

Accepted Answer

Experimental trust is not one of the three types of trust identified by Hoff and Bashir (2015). The three types are dispositional trust, situational trust, and learned trust.

Question 19

Which of the types of trust relates to the trust of a particular system in a particular context.
A) experimental trust
B) dispositional trust
C) situational trust
D) learned trust

Accepted Answer

Situational trust relates to the trust of a particular system in a particular context, emphasizing the importance of specific circumstances or environments in the formation of trust.

Question 20

Which of the types of trust refers to the development of trust with experience
A) experimental trust
B) dispositional trust
C) situational trust
D) learned trust

Accepted Answer

Learned trust refers to the development of trust based on experiences and interactions over time.

Quiz 12: Human-Automation Interaction

The exponential rate of changes over the years in the speed and capacity of computers is known as:

Many factors are responsible for the widespread implementation of automation. An example of a benefit is:

An automated system is developed to provide medical diagnoses of patients to the physician. This is an example of automation being implemented because:

An automated system is developed to control the guidance of a rocket. This is an example of automation being implemented because:

Automation is often implemented in the work place because of:

The grounding of the cruise ship Royal Majesty off the coast of Nantucket is often cited as an example of an automation-related accident associated with:

A system in which a human operator does not directly operate on the physical process being controlled but does so through a computer that has effectors to act on the environment based on information obtained from sensors, is called:

A computerized diagnosis system that offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives to the human decision maker is an example of automation at a relatively _______ level.

In the levels and stages model of automation proposed by Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens (2000) , automation at the information analysis stage is proposed to support the _______ stage of human information processing.

Automation of information acquisition applies to the , _and ____. Which of the following is NOT one of the three.

Airborne traffic warning systems that provide a resolution advisory to pilots to avoid a collision are an example of _______ automation.

Remote, robotic surgery is an example of _______ automation.

The final stage, ________, refers to the physical accomplishment of the decision choice, or response execution in the context of the model of information processing

The cockpit Flight Management System (FMS) occasionally leads pilots to ask the question "why is it doing this?" This phenomenon has been called:

Deficiencies in the feedback that automated systems provide to the human operator can impair performance. An example of such a deficiency is:

There is probably no variable more important in human-automation interaction than that of ____.

One of the most critical factors influencing trust in automation is:

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of trust. Hoff and Bashir (2015)

Which of the types of trust relates to the trust of a particular system in a particular context.

Which of the types of trust refers to the development of trust with experience