Question 1

Kosslyn and his colleagues found that visual imagery is associated with activity in the primary visual cortex,which contains the perception-related areas of the brain.This finding means that images _____ perceptions.
A) are identical to
B) are symbolic of
C) generate
D) correspond to

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that visual imagery and perceptions correspond to each other, but do not necessarily have to be identical or symbolic of each other. Therefore, the best choice is D, which implies a correspondence between the two.

Question 2

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?
A) It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.
B) It makes information about a concept more specific.
C) It reduces the number of concepts held in memory.
D) It prioritizes the important information in a concept.

Accepted Answer

It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.

Question 3

A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n)_____ representation; the word carrot is a(n)_____ representation.
A) symbolic; analogical
B) analogical; symbolic
C) analogical; analogical
D) symbolic; symbolic

Accepted Answer

A picture of a carrot is an analogical representation because it is a visual resemblance or similarity to an actual carrot. The word carrot, on the other hand, is a symbolic representation because it is an arbitrary symbolic representation of the object.

Question 4

The word tree is an example of a(n)_____,whereas a picture of a tree is an example of a(n)_____.
A) analogical representation; symbolic representation
B) symbolic representation; analogical representation
C) concept; analogical representation
D) analogical representation; prototype model

Accepted Answer

The word tree represents the concept of a tree through symbols or language, which is an example of symbolic representation. A picture of a tree, on the other hand, is a physical or sensory representation of a tree, which is an example of analogical representation. Therefore, the correct option is B: symbolic representation; analogical representation.

Question 5

Which of the following items is NOT an example of an analogical representation?
A) a map
B) a family tree
C) a big boat
D) a model airplane

Accepted Answer

A big boat is a physical object and not a representation of something else, whereas the other options are representations of other things.

Question 6

After Hurricane Katrina,many people became afraid during rainstorms,even when it was unlikely that a storm would become serious.These people were experiencing the phenomenon known as:
A) harm risk
B) phobic fear
C) irrational fear
D) dread risk

Accepted Answer

Dread risk refers to the fear of events that have a low probability but high consequences, such as natural disasters, which can cause people to overestimate the likelihood of such events occurring again.

Question 7

Georgina has fallen while rock climbing and sustained damage to her primary visual cortex.Which psychological functions would you expect to see impaired in Georgina as a result of her injury?
A) perception
B) categorization
C) categorization and imagery
D) perception and imagery

Accepted Answer

Perception and imagery are both functions of the primary visual cortex.

Question 8

Mandy e-mails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten.Even though the e-mail says nothing more,Mandy's roommate knows that the kitten will be small,furry,have a tail,purr,meow,drink milk,and need a litter box.Mandy knows all of this because of which memory process?
A) symbolic representation
B) analogical representation
C) mental imaging
D) categorization

Accepted Answer

Mandy is using the process of categorization by associating the characteristics of a typical kitten with the new kitten she has adopted.

Question 9

Consider two representations.Representation A is abstract and bears no resemblance to what it represents,whereas Representation B has some characteristics of what it represents.Representation A is a(n)_____ and Representation B is a(n)_____.
A) symbolic representation; analogical representation
B) analogical representation; symbolic representation
C) analogical representation; analogical representation
D) symbolic representation; symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

Symbolic representations are abstract and do not resemble what they represent, while analogical representations have some characteristics of what they represent.

Question 10

The easternmost part of the state of Texas,around the city of Paris,has a point rising more north than the rest of the state.When people draw Texas,they almost always draw the border as a straight line.It is not that these folks want to kick Paris,Texas,out of the state.Instead:
A) it is too difficult to draw the upward bump
B) people image irregular shapes as regular
C) the bump around Paris had been incorrectly categorized
D) the state is represented in a symbolic, not an analogical, form

Accepted Answer

People tend to simplify complex shapes into more regular forms, which is why the upward bump is often omitted when drawing Texas.

Question 11

Dr.Lee is interested in models of how concepts are represented.She believes that concepts are characterized by lists of features that define them.Which model does Dr.Lee most likely favor?
A) prototype model
B) defining attribute model
C) exemplar model
D) visual image model

Accepted Answer

Dr. Lee most likely favors the defining attribute model, which proposes that concepts are represented by a list of defining features that are necessary and sufficient for category membership.

Question 12

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class,he asks Ruiz to be his study partner,because Ruiz works harder than Hannah.In thinking about this decision,Vince used which one of the following concepts?
A) friend
B) notes
C) book
D) exam

Accepted Answer

Vince's decision-making process involved factors related to academic performance, such as studying and exams, rather than social factors like friendship. Therefore, the most relevant concept is the exam.

Question 13

Mental maps consist of what types of representations?
A) analogical representation
B) symbolic representation
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

Mental maps consist of both analogical and symbolic representations. Analogical representations are mental images or pictures of places or objects, while symbolic representations are abstract symbols or words that represent places or objects. Mental maps may use both types of representations to create a mental model of a spatial environment.

Question 14

According to the defining attribute model,which of the following is the most important feature of the category horse?
A) It can gallop.
B) It can bear live young.
C) It can breathe.
D) They are all equally important features.

Accepted Answer

The defining attribute model suggests that all features are equally important in defining a category, so no single feature is more important than the others.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?
A) All attributes are equally important.
B) It is difficult to specify defining attributes.
C) Category membership is not all-or-none.
D) Categories cannot be well specified by attributes alone.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about categorization...

Question 16

Analogical representations _____ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.Symbolic representations _____ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.
A) do; do
B) do not; do not
C) do; do not
D) do not; do

Accepted Answer

Analogical representations have a direct relationship with the object they represent, such as a picture of a tree representing a tree. Symbolic representations, like words or numbers, do not have a direct relationship with the object they represent.

Question 17

Yang believes that a whale is a fish,because a whale swims.Yang's misconception suggests that he is using a(n)_____ model for the fish category.
A) prototype
B) categorization
C) defining attribute
D) exemplar

Accepted Answer

Yang's misconception is based on a defining attribute model, where he incorrectly uses the attribute of swimming to categorize whales as fish.

Question 18

When David first moved to Austin,he had to rely on the GPS in his car.Over time,David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape.David must have developed a _____ of the city.
A) symbolic representation
B) mental map
C) prototype
D) set of defining attributes

Accepted Answer

A mental map is a person's internal representation of the physical environment, such as a city, and includes their knowledge of the layout, landmarks, and interconnections. In this case, David's ability to navigate the city without GPS indicates that he has developed a mental map of the city.

Question 19

Anjilit is participating in a neuropsychology study.She is asked to close her eyes and imagine her best friend's face.When she does this,the brain scan will show activity in the areas of the brain involved in _____ her friend's face.
A) sensing
B) perceiving
C) describing
D) interpreting

Accepted Answer

When Anjilit imagines her best friend's face, her brain is perceiving the mental image of her friend's face. Sensing refers to the process of detecting physical stimuli in the environment. Describing and interpreting involve language and cognition, which are not necessarily involved in this task.

Question 20

What is the challenge for cognitive psychologists?
A) making sense of social phenomena after tragic events
B) accounting for people's overt behavior
C) understanding the nature of our everyday mental representations
D) understanding cultural differences in the way people behave

Accepted Answer

The challenge for cognitive psychologists is to understand the nature of our everyday mental representations, such as how we process and store information, and how we make decisions based on that information.

Quiz 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Kosslyn and his colleagues found that visual imagery is associated with activity in the primary visual cortex,which contains the perception-related areas of the brain.This finding means that images _____ perceptions.

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?

A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n) _ representation; the word carrot is a(n) _ representation.

The word tree is an example of a(n) _,whereas a picture of a tree is an example of a(n) _.

Which of the following items is NOT an example of an analogical representation?

After Hurricane Katrina,many people became afraid during rainstorms,even when it was unlikely that a storm would become serious.These people were experiencing the phenomenon known as:

Georgina has fallen while rock climbing and sustained damage to her primary visual cortex.Which psychological functions would you expect to see impaired in Georgina as a result of her injury?

Mandy e-mails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten.Even though the e-mail says nothing more,Mandy's roommate knows that the kitten will be small,furry,have a tail,purr,meow,drink milk,and need a litter box.Mandy knows all of this because of which memory process?

Consider two representations.Representation A is abstract and bears no resemblance to what it represents,whereas Representation B has some characteristics of what it represents.Representation A is a(n) _ and Representation B is a(n) _.

The easternmost part of the state of Texas,around the city of Paris,has a point rising more north than the rest of the state.When people draw Texas,they almost always draw the border as a straight line.It is not that these folks want to kick Paris,Texas,out of the state.Instead:

Dr.Lee is interested in models of how concepts are represented.She believes that concepts are characterized by lists of features that define them.Which model does Dr.Lee most likely favor?

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class,he asks Ruiz to be his study partner,because Ruiz works harder than Hannah.In thinking about this decision,Vince used which one of the following concepts?

Mental maps consist of what types of representations?

According to the defining attribute model,which of the following is the most important feature of the category horse?

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?

Analogical representations _ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.Symbolic representations _ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.

Yang believes that a whale is a fish,because a whale swims.Yang's misconception suggests that he is using a(n) _____ model for the fish category.

When David first moved to Austin,he had to rely on the GPS in his car.Over time,David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape.David must have developed a _____ of the city.

Anjilit is participating in a neuropsychology study.She is asked to close her eyes and imagine her best friend's face.When she does this,the brain scan will show activity in the areas of the brain involved in _____ her friend's face.

What is the challenge for cognitive psychologists?