Question 1

According to Piaget, at about age two, children begin to use which of the following in their thinking?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, at about age two, children begin to use symbols in their thinking. This is the preoperational stage of development, during which children can mentally represent objects and ideas using symbols, such as words or drawings. Children in this stage may engage in pretend play, use language to represent things that aren't present, and understand the concept of object permanence. However, they are not yet capable of logical or abstract thinking, and their thought processes are still primarily based on their own experiences and perceptions.

Question 2

When Mickey was five, he gave his mother a dead frog for her birthday. Mickey didn't understand why his mother didn't like her gift, because he thought the frog was cool. This represents what type of thinking?

Accepted Answer

This scenario represents egocentric thinking, meaning that Mickey is only considering his own perspective and not taking into account his mother's thoughts or feelings about the gift.

Question 3

Which of the following is a type of play that demonstrates cognitive development consistent with the stages identified by Piaget?

Accepted Answer

Substitute pretend play is consistent with Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development, where children begin to engage in symbolic play and use objects to represent something else while playing.

Question 4

Parents can expect their pre-schoolers to get a cold

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers, due to their developing immune systems and high exposure to other children, often get colds more frequently than adults. It's common for them to experience 6-7 colds a year.

Question 5

Which of the following is true according to Piaget's concept of conservation?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's concept of conservation refers to the understanding that an object's basic properties, such as volume or number, remain the same even if the object's appearance changes. The example given in choice C is a classic conservation task, in which children must understand that the amount of water has not actually changed despite the change in container shape. Piaget believed that children typically acquire the ability to conserve volume around the age of 6 or 7.

Question 6

In the United States, most cases of child abuse involve which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the United States, most cases of...

Question 7

Stephen was abused before being placed in foster care. He frequently has nightmares about the abuse and even has flashbacks of the abuse during the day. He has difficulty concentrating at school and is falling behind academically. From which of the following is Stephen likely suffering?

Accepted Answer

Stephen is likely suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the frequent nightmares and flashbacks of the abuse. PTSD is a disorder that occurs in individuals who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event and can result in symptoms such as nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance behaviors, and hyperarousal. Additionally, Stephen's difficulty concentrating and falling behind academically are also symptoms of PTSD.

Question 8

All of the children on Hazel Street have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other building materials acquired from a nearby construction site. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question involves children using different materials to construct a tree house. This is an example of constructive play, as it involves children using their physical and mental skills to create something new. Sensorimotor play involves the use of senses and movement to explore the environment, substitute pretend play involves pretending one object is something else, and sociodramatic play involves role-playing and acting out different scenarios.

Question 9

The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another defines which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another is the definition of semiotics. Symbiotic refers to a mutually beneficial relationship, abstract refers to a concept that is not concrete or tangible, and objective refers to being unbiased or based on facts rather than subjective opinions.

Question 10

Sylvia loves to play with her toy telephone. When she holds the receiver to her face and calls "Hi!", she is engaging in which type of play?

Accepted Answer

First pretend play involves the child using an object to represent something else and using their imagination to engage in pretend scenarios. Sylvia using the toy telephone to say "Hi!" is an example of this type of play. She is pretending that the toy telephone is a real phone and she is engaging in a conversation.

Question 11

What is the major cause of death of preschool and school-age children in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Accidents, such as car accidents, drowning, and accidental poisoning, are the leading cause of death for preschool and school-age children in the United States.

Question 12

Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of child abuse?

Accepted Answer

Parental depression is a known risk factor for child abuse, as depressed parents may have difficulty controlling their emotions and may take out their frustrations on their children. Full-time employment, higher intelligence in the child, and families with only one child are not necessarily associated with a higher risk of child abuse.

Question 13

Which of the following children tend to be more prone to illness?

Accepted Answer

Children who live in stressful conditions are more prone to illness due to the effects of stress on the immune system. Chronic stress can lead to weakened immune function, making children more susceptible to infectious and other illnesses. While physical activity and secure attachment can contribute to overall health and well-being, they may not necessarily be the most significant factors in predicting illness. Difficult temperament may be associated with stress and other factors that can impact health, but it alone is not a strong predictor of illness.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a socio-cultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more likely?

Accepted Answer

The belief that children are property reinforces the idea that parents have complete control over their children and can treat them as they see fit, including using physical abuse as a form of discipline or punishment. This belief is a form of socio-cultural influence that makes physical abuse of children more likely.

Question 15

Darius holds his hairbrush to his mouth and sings as if the hairbrush is a microphone. This is an example of what type of play?

Accepted Answer

By using the hairbrush as a substitute for a microphone, Darius is engaging in substitute pretend play.

Question 16

Which of the following is correct with regard to child abuse in the United States?

Accepted Answer

In the United States, there are laws in place that require individuals who suspect or witness child abuse to report it to the appropriate authorities. Failure to do so can result in legal repercussions. However, there is no clear consensus across cultures on what constitutes child maltreatment, and there may be a tendency to assume parents are the abusers even when this is not the case. While there are criteria for what constitutes neglect or abuse, these may differ by state or jurisdiction.

Question 17

Which of Piaget's stages is characterized by symbolic representation and egocentrism?

Accepted Answer

The preoperational stage is characterized by the development of symbolic representation, such as using words and images to represent objects, but still struggling with logic and operation. Egocentrism, or the difficulty in seeing things from someone else's perspective, is also a key feature of this stage.

Question 18

At about what age do children begin to prefer rule-governed or formal games?

Accepted Answer

According to research, children typically begin to prefer rule-governed or formal games around the age of five or six. Before this age, they may prefer more open-ended or imaginative play without strict rules or structure. By age five or six, children have developed a greater understanding of rules and regulations, and are better able to follow them in games and activities.

Question 19

What does your book suggest about children's eating habits?

Accepted Answer

The book suggests that parents should allow the child's appetite to guide how much food they eat. It is important for children to learn to listen to their own hunger and fullness cues, and forcing them to eat or restricting their food intake can lead to negative associations with food and potential eating disorders later in life. However, it is still important to offer a variety of healthy foods and encourage children to try new things, without pressuring them to finish everything on their plate.

Question 20

Which of the following characteristics increases the risk that a child would be abused?

Accepted Answer

Children with difficult temperaments are more likely to be abused than children with easy temperaments. They exhibit more negative emotions, irritability and unpredictability, causing more stress for caregivers.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood