In 2003,the Supreme Court Revisited the Use of Affirmative Action

In 2003,the Supreme Court revisited the use of affirmative action by the University of Michigan and ruled that

A) race could not be used under any circumstances as a consideration in admitting students.
B) race could not be used by any public college or university, but could be considered by private colleges and universities.
C) persistent patterns of social discrimination still legitimized the use of race as a "plus factor" when deciding to admit students.
D) a school's interest in diversity permitted the use of race as one factor in university admissions, as long as all applicants were judged individually on their merits.
E) race could only be used as long as a fixed system was employed, such as adding a predetermined number of points to an applicant's score, a method that minimized arbitrary discretion by admissions offices.