Question 1

Some antiemetics can cause extrapyramidal side effects such as oculogyric crisis. Which of the following medications would best treat those side effects?

Accepted Answer

Antimuscarinics such as benztropine are the most commonly used medications to treat extrapyramidal side effects, including oculogyric crisis, caused by antiemetics. Benzodiazepines such as diazepam may be used to treat anxiety or agitation associated with these side effects, but are not as effective in treating the extrapyramidal symptoms themselves. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine and hypnotics such as midazolam are not typically used to treat extrapyramidal side effects.

Question 2

Peppermint oil may be useful in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Peppermint oil has been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, such as abdominal pain and bloating. It has not been shown to be effective in the treatment of gallstones, haemorrhoids, or GORD (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease).

Question 3

Which is the most effective drug in treating severe nausea associated with chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Ondansetron is the most effective drug in treating severe nausea associated with chemotherapy. It works by blocking the action of serotonin, a chemical released by the body that can cause nausea and vomiting. Prochlorperazine and domperidone can also be effective, but they have more side effects compared to ondansetron. Cisapride is not used for treating nausea associated with chemotherapy as it is a prokinetic drug used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Question 4

The two main types of treatment for inflammatory bowel disease are:

Accepted Answer

The two main types of treatment for inflammatory bowel disease are anti-inflammatories and immunosuppressants. Anti-inflammatories help to reduce inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, which can alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Immunosuppressants work by reducing the activity of the immune system, which can reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Together, these two types of medication can help to manage the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease and improve quality of life for patients.

Question 5

Cryotherapy may be useful to treat haemorrhoids because

Accepted Answer

Cryotherapy can cause shrinking of the dilated veins in the area, which could potentially alleviate symptoms of hemorrhoids. However, it does not increase blood supply or promote healing, induce fibrosis, or precipitate cell surface proteins to reduce swelling.

Question 6

Which of the laxative groups acts directly on the wall of intestines to stimulate defecation?

Accepted Answer

Stimulant laxatives act directly on the wall of intestines to stimulate defecation by increasing the muscular contractions of the intestines. Lubricants work by coating the stool and making it easier to pass, osmotic laxatives work by drawing water into the intestines, and faecal softeners work by making the stool softer and easier to pass.

Question 7

In perianal disease ________ laxatives should be used to prevent straining.

Accepted Answer

Softener laxatives are the best choice for perianal disease as they help to prevent straining and facilitate easier bowel movements without causing irritation or inflammation. Stimulant laxatives can overstimulate the bowels and may worsen the condition, while lubricant and bulk laxatives do not address the issue of straining.

Question 8

Which of the following antiemetics is a serotonin antagonist?

Accepted Answer

Ondansetron is a serotonin antagonist which works by blocking the actions of serotonin in the gut and brain, thereby reducing nausea and vomiting. Dimenhydrinate and hyoscine are anticholinergics, and metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent that works on dopamine receptors.

Question 9

Sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate is often used as a stool softener in young children. What would you advise the parents of a child who has been given this preparation about when they can expect to see results?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate is often used as...

Question 10

A first line therapy for chronic constipation would be:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A first line therapy for chronic constipation...

Question 11

Which of the following pairs of proton pump inhibitors inhibit the cytochrome P450 system and have a number of clinically important drug interactions?

Accepted Answer

Esomeprazole and omeprazole inhibit the cytochrome P450 system and have numerous drug interactions, including with medications such as warfarin, clopidogrel, and phenytoin. Rabeprazole and lansoprazole have less impact on the cytochrome P450 system. Lansoprazole and pantoprazole also have fewer drug interactions compared to esomeprazole and omeprazole.

Question 12

The use of sodium bicarbonate alone as an antacid should be discouraged because:

Accepted Answer

Sodium bicarbonate can exacerbate pre-existing hypertension by increasing sodium retention and leading to increased blood pressure.

Question 13

The advantage of domperidone over metoclopramide is that it:

Accepted Answer

Domperidone doesn't readily cross the blood-brain barrier, so it has fewer central side effects compared to metoclopramide, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and can cause neurological side effects.

Question 14

Medication adherence can be affected by the frequency of administration of a medication regimen. Once-a-day regimens are likely to bring about better medication adherence than two- to three-times-a-day regimens. Which of the following setrons used in the treatment of chemically induced nausea and vomiting need to be administered two to three times a day?

Accepted Answer

Ondansetron is the only setron medication among the options given that needs to be administered two to three times a day, which can potentially affect medication adherence.

Quiz 11: The Modulation of Gastrointestinal Function