Question 1

Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent conflict is true?

Accepted Answer

While parent-adolescent conflict is common, research shows that most parents and adolescents maintain a close relationship despite these conflicts. Option A is incorrect because conflict typically peaks in early adolescence. Option C is partially correct as conflict tends to be higher between adolescent boys and their mothers, not fathers. Option D is partly correct as moral issues are one of the common sources of conflict, but not the only one.

Question 2

Identity ____ and ____ become less common in late adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Diffusion and foreclosure are two of the four identity statuses proposed by James Marcia. Diffusion is characterized by individuals who have not yet made a commitment to an identity and are not actively exploring options, while foreclosure is characterized by individuals who have made a commitment to an identity without having explored other options. These two statuses become less common in late adolescence as individuals typically move towards either moratorium (actively exploring options without having made a commitment) or achievement (having made a commitment to an identity after actively exploring options).

Question 3

______ refers to a sense of membership to an ethnic group and includes the attitudes, values, and culture associated with that group.

Accepted Answer

Ethnic identity refers to an individual's sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, including the attitudes, values, and culture associated with that group. Collectivism refers to a cultural orientation that prioritizes the needs and goals of the group over the individual. Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to others. Ethnic gloss refers to the use of an ethnic label as a superficial descriptor without acknowledging the complexity of the individual's identity and experiences within that group.

Question 4

Conflict with peers:

Accepted Answer

Conflict with peers harms identity development because it can lead to feelings of isolation and insecurity, which can make it difficult for adolescents to develop a strong sense of self.

Question 5

Identity foreclosure is common in ______.

Accepted Answer

Identity foreclosure is common in early adolescence when individuals may commit to an identity without exploring other options.

Question 6

Across ethnic and socioeconomic groups and in countries around the world, ________ foster(s) autonomy, self-reliance, self-esteem, a positive view of the value of work, and academic competence in adolescents.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting fosters autonomy, self-reliance, self-esteem, a positive view of the value of work, and academic competence in adolescents. This parenting style is characterized by warmth, responsiveness, and high expectations for behavior and performance, while also providing reasonable levels of structure and support. Dating relationships, authoritarian parenting, and sibling rivalry do not necessarily have a consistent impact on these developmental outcomes.

Question 7

Conflict-filled parent-adolescent relationships and chronic escalating conflict occurs in ____% of families.

Accepted Answer

Conflict-filled parent-adolescent relationships and chronic escalating conflict occur in less than 10% of families, as most families experience only occasional conflicts that do not escalate.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about parenting and culture is true?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that authoritarian parenting may have different outcomes depending on cultural values. Among Chinese, Turkish, and Arab adolescents raised in collectivist cultures, authoritarian parenting does not predict negative outcomes. However, in individualistic cultures, such as the United States, authoritarian parenting has been linked to negative outcomes in adolescents.

Question 9

Which of the following promotes adolescents' sense of identity, self-esteem, family cohesion, and resistance to substance use?

Accepted Answer

Regular family meals have been found to have positive impacts on adolescents' sense of identity, self-esteem, family cohesion, and resistance to substance use. This is likely because it provides a consistent opportunity for family members to connect and communicate with each other. The other options do not have strong research support for promoting these outcomes.

Question 10

_____ inhibits the development of autonomy and is linked with low self-esteem, depression, low academic competence, and antisocial behavior in adolescence through early adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Psychological control involves behaviors that inhibit a child's psychological and emotional development by using tactics such as guilt, manipulation, and invalidation of the child's feelings or experiences. This type of parenting style is linked with negative outcomes for children and adolescents, such as low self-esteem, depression, and anti-social behavior. In contrast, authoritative parenting involves setting reasonable limits while showing warmth, responsiveness, and understanding towards the child's needs and experiences.

Question 11

____ and ____ underlie the process of establishing a sense of ethnic identity.

Accepted Answer

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, the two key components in the process of establishing a sense of ethnic identity are exploration (exploring different cultural and ethnic options) and commitment (making a choice and committing oneself to an ethnic identity). Option B refers to a stage of identity development where an individual is actively exploring different options, while option C refers to a stage where an individual has made a commitment without exploring other options. Option D is not related to the process of ethnic identity development.

Question 12

Individuals who are in identity ______ tend to be inflexible and view the world in black and white terms.

Accepted Answer

Foreclosure is the stage in identity development where an individual adopts an identity without exploring alternatives. This means that they have taken on an identity without considering other possibilities, and may therefore view the world in a rigid, inflexible way. This is in contrast to the moratorium stage, where individuals are actively exploring different options and may be more open-minded, and the achievement stage, where individuals have solidified their identity through exploration and may be more flexible in their thinking. The diffusion stage is characterized by a lack of commitment or direction in identity, and may also be associated with more fluid or ambiguous thinking.

Question 13

Academic difficulties, avoiding problems, general apathy, and alcohol and substance abuse are outcomes associated with identity _____.

Accepted Answer

Identity diffusion is characterized by a lack of direction or commitment, often leading to issues such as academic difficulties, avoidance of problems, apathy, and substance abuse.

Question 14

Many ethnic minority adolescents:

Accepted Answer

Ethnic minority adolescents often face discrimination and inequality from the majority group, which can lead to sensitivity to negative feedback and feelings of exclusion. This can make it harder for them to explore and commit to their identity.

Question 15

A major milestone of adolescence is the desire for _____, the ability to make and carry out one's own decisions.

Accepted Answer

Autonomy refers to the desire and ability to make one's own decisions, which is a significant developmental task during adolescence. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their own abilities, authority refers to having control or power over others, and separation is a broader concept that refers to the psychological and emotional distance between individuals or groups.

Question 16

Mario and his parents experience frequent, intense conflict with one another. Mario is:

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that frequent and intense conflicts within the family are associated with negative outcomes for adolescents, including a higher risk for delinquency and poor school achievement. While adolescence is a period of heightened conflict with parents, it is not considered "typical" for conflicts to be frequent and intense. It is also not accurate to assume that Mario is necessarily the cause of the conflict or an early-maturing adolescent based on the limited information provided.

Question 17

Identity achievement is characterized by _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, identity achievement is characterized by commitment to a particular set of values, beliefs, or goals and a prior period of exploration of different identities or options.

Question 18

Which identity status is most common among adolescents who are raised in authoritarian homes?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents who are raised in authoritarian homes are often expected to accept their parents' values and beliefs without question, leading them to adopt a foreclosure identity status. This means they have prematurely committed to a specific set of values and beliefs without exploring other options or considering alternatives. This is the most common identity status found in adolescents raised in authoritarian homes.

Question 19

Mrs. Nylund is the mother of 15-year-old Ava. If they are like a typical family, Mrs. Nylund and Ava will experience conflict over:

Accepted Answer

Household responsibilities are a common source of conflict between parents and teenagers, as teenagers often push back against chores and responsibilities assigned to them. While the other options can also cause conflicts, household responsibilities are more common and universal.

Question 20

When asked about his plans for the future, 18-year-old Kevin replied, "Eh, haven't really thought about it. I don't like school, there are no jobs out there, and I'm only 18. I'll figure things out when the time comes. Right now, I like hanging out with my friends." Kevin demonstrates characteristics of identity_____.

Accepted Answer

Kevin's response indicates a lack of clear direction and commitment to an identity, which is characteristic of identity diffusion. This stage involves an unclear sense of self and a lack of commitment to roles, values, or goals.

Quiz 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence