Question 1

What do psychologists call psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch between attitudes and behavior?
A) attribution
B) cognitive power
C) frustration
D) stereotype
E) cognitive dissonance

Accepted Answer

Psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch between attitudes and behavior are called cognitive dissonance.

Question 2

The tendency to be closed-minded, rigid, and inflexible in one's opinions and subsequent behavior is called "_____________."
A) dogmatism
B) attitude
C) cognitive dissonance
D) egalitarianism
E) skepticism

Accepted Answer

Dogmatism refers to a rigid adherence to beliefs, opinions, and principles. It is characterized by an unwillingness to consider other perspectives and a tendency to dismiss evidence that contradicts one's own views.

Question 3

_________________ is the process wherein the individual so strongly feels that he or she is a member of a group that he or she adopts its opinions, attitudes, and values.
A) attitude
B) obedience
C) identification
D) membership
E) cognitive dissonance

Accepted Answer

Identification is the process by which an individual strongly identifies with a group and adopts its opinions, attitudes, and values as their own. This can lead to conformity and a desire to fit in with the group.

Question 4

"_____________" refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and avoid responsibility for our failures.
A) Unassuming bias
B) Power to judge
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Self-centered bias
E) Cognitive style of lying

Accepted Answer

The self-centered bias, also known as the self-serving bias, refers to the tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors (such as our own abilities) and our failures to external factors (such as luck or other people's actions). This bias allows individuals to maintain positive self-esteem and protect their ego, but it can also lead to distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs about one's abilities.

Question 5

What do psychologists call the process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behavior of others and our own actions?
A) Self-serving bias
B) Unassuming bias
C) Social attribution
D) Locus of control
E) Stereotype

Accepted Answer

Social attribution refers to the process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behavior of others and our own actions. It involves making judgments about the intentions, dispositions, traits, and abilities of people based on their behavior and the context in which it occurs. Factors that can influence social attribution include cultural norms, situational information, and personal biases.

Question 6

Traits or characteristics generally attributed to all members of specific groups are called ____________.
A) unassuming bias
B) cognitive dissonance
C) locus of control
D) cognitive power
E) stereotypes

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are traits or characteristics that are attributed to all members of specific groups, regardless of individual differences.

Question 7

The tendency to explain one's own success as a result of external factors and one's failure as a result of personal mistakes or weaknesses is called _____________.
A) unassuming bias
B) locus of control
C) cognitive dissonance
D) dogmatism
E) value

Accepted Answer

Unassuming bias is the tendency to attribute one's successes to external factors and failures to personal faults, which is the opposite of the self-serving bias.

Question 8

What do psychologists call a complex belief that reflects a principle, standard, or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate?
A) Self-serving bias
B) Value
C) Social attribution
D) Locus of control
E) Stereotype

Accepted Answer

Psychologists call this a value, which is a complex belief reflecting a principle, standard, or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate.

Question 9

__________________ is the process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the social world.
A) Social attribution
B) Social cognition
C) Social value
D) Unassuming bias
E) Dogmatism

Accepted Answer

Social cognition is the process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the social world. Option A, social attribution, refers to the process of explaining the behavior of others, while option C, social value, refers to the importance we place on relationships and social interaction. Option D, unassuming bias, is a tendency to underestimate our own strengths and overestimate the strengths of others, while option E, dogmatism, refers to the tendency to cling rigidly to one's beliefs without considering other perspectives.

Question 10

Actions that reward those who follow the norms and reprove those who are deviant are called _________________.
A) roles
B) sanctions
C) groupthink
D) obedience to authority
E) social facilitation

Accepted Answer

Sanctions are actions that reward those who follow the norms and reprove those who are deviant. Roles refer to the expected behaviors of individuals within a specific context or setting. Groupthink refers to the tendency of individuals to conform to group pressures, resulting in irrational decision-making. Obedience to authority refers to the tendency of individuals to follow the orders of an authority figure, even if it goes against their personal beliefs. Social facilitation refers to the tendency of individuals to perform better in the presence of others.

Question 11

What is the psychological term for the tendency of group members to shift, as a result of group discussion, toward more extreme positions than those they initially held?
A) stereotypes
B) disobedience
C) conformity shift
D) group polarization
E) group sanctions

Accepted Answer

Group polarization is the psychological term for the tendency of group members to shift, as a result of group discussion, toward more extreme positions than those they initially held. This can occur due to the reinforcing nature of group discussion, where individuals try to differentiate themselves from others and emphasize their uniqueness, leading to a more extreme position.

Question 12

The tendency of members of groups to adhere to the shared views so strongly that they ignore information inconsistent with those views is called ______________.
A) leadership
B) group polarization
C) groupthink
D) group inattention
E) sanctions

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the given statement is called groupthink. Group polarization refers to the tendency of members of a group to adopt more extreme or polarized beliefs than their individual pre-group attitudes. Leadership refers to the process of inspiring, guiding or directing a group of people or an organization towards a common goal. Group inattention is not a recognized term in social psychology. Sanctions refer to penalties or punishments imposed on individuals or groups for violating norms or rules.

Question 13

A form of social influence in which one person simply orders one other or others to perform some action(s) is called ____________.
A) groupthink
B) obedience
C) group polarization
D) rude behavior
E) sanctions

Accepted Answer

Obedience refers to a form of social influence in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority. In this situation, the authority figure does not need to convince or persuade the person being influenced; they simply order them to perform an action. Examples include obeying instructions from a police officer or following the commands of a military leader.

Question 14

What do psychologists call the effects upon performance resulting from the presence of others?
A) Group polarization
B) Sanctions
C) Obedience
D) Groupthink
E) Social facilitation

Accepted Answer

Psychologists call the effects upon performance resulting from the presence of others social facilitation.

Question 15

The tendency of some group members to exert less effort on a task than they would if working on alone is called _____________.
A) laziness
B) social loafing
C) authoritarian power
D) social facilitation
E) group polarization

Accepted Answer

Social loafing refers to the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group than they would if working alone. This can occur for various reasons such as diffusion of responsibility, lack of accountability, or a belief that individual effort won't significantly impact the group's outcome.

Question 16

The degree to which individuals and groups are enmeshed (involved) together is called _____________.
A) embeddedness
B) involvement quotient
C) horizontal collectivism
D) individualism
E) groupthink

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe the degree of involvement or interconnectedness between individuals and groups is embeddedness. Option B, involvement quotient, is not a commonly used term. Option C, horizontal collectivism, refers to a cultural value that prioritizes group solidarity and collective decision-making. Option D, individualism, is the opposite of collectivism and emphasizes individual freedom and independence. Option E, groupthink, refers to a phenomenon in which group members prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking and decision-making.

Question 17

All forces acting on group members to cause them to remain part of a group, including mutual attraction, interdependence, and shared goals are usually labeled as:
A) cohesiveness
B) cognitive dissonance
C) obedience to authority
D) individualism
E) groupthink

Accepted Answer

The forces described (mutual attraction, interdependence, and shared goals) all contribute to the concept of cohesiveness, which is defined as the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

Question 18

What type of values is associated with exercising control over society and exploiting its natural resources?
A) Mastery values
B) Democratic values
C) Liberal values
D) Conservative values
E) Harmony values

Accepted Answer

Mastery values prioritize the achievement of power and control over society and its resources. This often involves exploiting natural resources without regard for environmental consequences or the well-being of those affected by the exploitation. Mastery values are associated with a conservative political ideology that supports individualism and traditional authority.

Question 19

Individuals who believe in the status quo, advocate self-discipline, and care about social order and tradition share what type of values?
A) Democratic
B) Liberal
C) Conservative
D) Socialist
E) Reactionary

Accepted Answer

These individuals share conservative values, which prioritize maintaining traditional social structures and practices while emphasizing personal responsibility and self-discipline.

Question 20

In the debate about Western and non-Western values, it is argued that, in general, Western values are based on the fundamental beliefs that the nature of human beings is selfish, scarcity is a primary condition of nature and ____________.
A) progress means gradual conquest of weaker groups and territories
B) happiness is impossible to achieve without knowledge
C) happiness is understood as a movement toward a goal
D) progress means growth, complexity, competition, and freedom
E) suffering is unnecessary and people have to learn how to live without fear

Accepted Answer

Western values are often associated with ideas of progress, growth, complexity, competition, and freedom. These values are rooted in the belief that human nature is inherently selfish and that competition and the pursuit of self-interest lead to the greatest achievements and advancements. Additionally, Western society places a high value on individualism, which emphasizes personal autonomy and freedom of choice. This contrasts with some non-Western values that prioritize community and cooperation over individualism.

Quiz 10: Social Perception and Social Cognition

What do psychologists call psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch between attitudes and behavior?

The tendency to be closed-minded, rigid, and inflexible in one's opinions and subsequent behavior is called "_____________."

_________________ is the process wherein the individual so strongly feels that he or she is a member of a group that he or she adopts its opinions, attitudes, and values.

"_____________" refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and avoid responsibility for our failures.

What do psychologists call the process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behavior of others and our own actions?

Traits or characteristics generally attributed to all members of specific groups are called ____________.

The tendency to explain one's own success as a result of external factors and one's failure as a result of personal mistakes or weaknesses is called _____________.

What do psychologists call a complex belief that reflects a principle, standard, or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate?

__________________ is the process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the social world.

Actions that reward those who follow the norms and reprove those who are deviant are called _________________.

What is the psychological term for the tendency of group members to shift, as a result of group discussion, toward more extreme positions than those they initially held?

The tendency of members of groups to adhere to the shared views so strongly that they ignore information inconsistent with those views is called ______________.

A form of social influence in which one person simply orders one other or others to perform some action(s) is called ____________.

What do psychologists call the effects upon performance resulting from the presence of others?

The tendency of some group members to exert less effort on a task than they would if working on alone is called _____________.

The degree to which individuals and groups are enmeshed (involved) together is called _____________.

All forces acting on group members to cause them to remain part of a group, including mutual attraction, interdependence, and shared goals are usually labeled as:

What type of values is associated with exercising control over society and exploiting its natural resources?

Individuals who believe in the status quo, advocate self-discipline, and care about social order and tradition share what type of values?

In the debate about Western and non-Western values, it is argued that, in general, Western values are based on the fundamental beliefs that the nature of human beings is selfish, scarcity is a primary condition of nature and ____________.