Question 1

An individual who has left his or her native country and is unwilling or unable to return to it because of persecution or fear of persecution (because of race, religion, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion) is called a(n) _____________.

Accepted Answer

The definition provided in the question perfectly matches the definition of a refugee, making option E the correct answer. Option D, "immigrant," may be a common choice, but it does not account for the fear of persecution mentioned in the definition. Options A, B, and C have no relevance to the question at hand.

Question 2

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of psychological counseling?

Accepted Answer

Psychological counseling involves providing guidance and support to individuals with emotional or psychological difficulties. It aims to help individuals overcome their challenges and make informed decisions about their lives. Choice A refers to clinical diagnosis, which is only one aspect of psychological counseling. Choice B is more related to research methodology than counseling. Choices C and D are unrelated to psychological counseling.

Question 3

What is the professional term for a set of planned changes aimed at improving organizational and individual performance and well-being in a private business or government company?

Accepted Answer

The professional term for a set of planned changes aimed at improving organizational and individual performance and well-being in a private business or government company is organization development. Psychological counseling may address individual performance and well-being, but it does not necessarily involve organizational change. Advice in difficult business circumstances may not necessarily involve planned changes. Developmental psychology is the study of human development but does not necessarily involve organizational changes. Standard operation procedure refers to a set of instructions for a specific process or task, which may not necessarily involve planning or changes aimed at improving performance and well-being.

Question 4

The restrictive practice of reviewing and determining what is appropriate for publication or broadcasting according to moral, ideological, or political considerations is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

Censorship refers to the act of reviewing and determining what content is suitable for publication or broadcasting based on various factors such as morality, politics, and ideology. It can involve outright prohibition or the restriction of certain types of content. Censorship is often viewed as a controversial limitation on freedom of expression and speech.

Question 5

Pseudoscience = knowledge and its applications that appear scientific but are not based on:

Accepted Answer

Pseudoscience appears scientific but is not based on scientific method or empirical evidence.

Question 6

Many psychologists differ in their opinions on child labor. Some believe that it is wrong without exception. Others attempt to take cultural traditions into account. Has the United Nations universally rejected child labor?

Accepted Answer

The United Nations has universally rejected child labor through the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, which sets a minimum age of 15 for employment. However, some countries have not ratified the convention or may not enforce its provisions fully.

Question 7

According to opinion polls, how have attitudes toward immigrants in the United States changed over the last several years?

Accepted Answer

According to opinion polls, attitudes toward immigrants in the United States have been "cooling" or becoming less positive over the last several years. This trend is evident in both public opinion and political discourse.

Question 8

Elfenbein and Ambady (2003) showed that a person's facial recognition of emotions in different national groups is more accurate if ____________.

Accepted Answer

Elfenbein and Ambady (2003) showed that a person's facial recognition of emotions in different national groups is more accurate if the person has had significant contact with those groups. This suggests that experience and exposure to diverse cultures can improve one's ability to accurately recognize emotions in individuals from those cultures.

Question 9

Studies show that professionals are generally overconfident in their judgments or decisions and that overconfidence in general knowledge is typically stronger among __________ than among Western subject groups

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that overconfidence in general knowledge is typically stronger among East Asian subject groups compared to Western subject groups. Therefore, the best choice is D) Asian.

Question 10

In terms of conflict resolution, in countries with high-powered distance, disagreements between two groups are typically resolved with the help of __________________.

Accepted Answer

In countries with high-powered distance, there is a strong emphasis on hierarchies and formal rules and procedures. Therefore, disagreements between groups are typically resolved through a formal process that utilizes set rules and procedures. This helps to ensure that decisions are made by those with the appropriate authority and that the outcome is accepted by all parties involved.

Question 11

Defenders of political censorship argue that restrictions on information are necessary to protect________.

Accepted Answer

Defenders of political censorship argue that restrictions on information are necessary to protect social order and stability, as they believe that unrestricted information can cause chaos, unrest, and even violence.

Question 12

Which one is not a common symptom of acculturative stress?

Accepted Answer

Hallucinations and delusions are not commonly associated with acculturative stress. Nostalgic symptoms, loss of control, dissatisfaction over language barriers, and dissatisfaction over perceived differences are all common symptoms of acculturative stress.

Question 13

Spiritual factors such as strong religious beliefs, prayer, meditation, and combinations of these, affect at least four interacting physiological systems: the brain, the endocrine system, ________________ and ____________________. (name the remaining two)

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that spiritual factors can affect the peripheral nervous system and the immune system, as well as the brain and the endocrine system. These interactions have been linked to a range of health benefits, including reduced stress, improved immune function, and better cardiovascular health.

Question 14

In the United States, African Americans have the highest mortality on most causes of death, along with Native Americans.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown that African Americans have a higher mortality rate compared to other racial and ethnic groups on most major causes of death, including heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes. Native Americans also have higher mortality rates on some of these causes of death, as well as on other health conditions.

Question 15

Younger and unmarried immigrants (age and marital status) are more likely to be registered voters in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Younger and unmarried immigrants are less likely to be registered voters in the United States due to factors such as lower levels of political engagement, eligibility issues related to citizenship status, and potentially less stability or community ties that encourage voter registration.

Question 16

A study of Americans with both Japanese and European ancestors showed that those who looked distinctly Japanese tended to associate more with Japanese American identity. Yet those who looked distinctively European associated more with European American identity.

Accepted Answer

The study found that those who looked distinctly Japanese tended to associate more with Japanese American identity, and those who looked distinctively European associated more with European American identity.

Question 17

Less education typically implies increased poverty for the family as well as the inter-generational transmission of poverty.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is a correlation between lower levels of education and increased poverty for individuals and families. Poverty can also be transmitted from parents to children, leading to a cycle of inter-generational poverty.

Question 18

There is a common folk belief that there is no such thing as mental disorder. All psychological dysfunctions are a form of punishment for sinful or inappropriate behavior in the past.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There is a common folk belief that...

Question 19

As applied to cross-cultural psychology, "organization development" means the creation of an atmosphere that makes people feel that they all belong to the same cultural group.

Accepted Answer

Organization development in cross-cultural psychology refers to the process of improving the effectiveness of organizations in multicultural settings. It involves interventions designed to promote cultural awareness, sensitivity, understanding, and inclusion among diverse individuals and groups within an organization. It does not necessarily aim to create a single cultural group but rather promotes respect for and appreciation of diverse cultural perspectives.

Question 20

A common opinion within the field of psychology today is that it is reasonable to work within the client's belief system and the culture-specific components of his or her illness, without necessarily endorsing the validity of such beliefs

Accepted Answer

This approach is known as cultural competence and is widely accepted in the field of psychology as it allows for effective therapy while respecting the client's cultural beliefs and practices. The therapist does not need to personally endorse these beliefs but must understand and work within them to help the client achieve their goals.

Quiz 12: Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology