Question 1

Prejudice differs from discrimination primarily in that prejudice refers to:

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes held about a particular group. On the other hand, discrimination refers to actions or behaviors that are based on those prejudiced attitudes towards a particular group.

Question 2

Allport's (1954) first stage of discrimination involves:

Accepted Answer

Allport's (1954) first stage of discrimination is Anti-locution, which involves speaking against a person or group, often leading to the formation of stereotypes and negative attitudes.

Question 3

Swim et al. (1995) identified how many main ways in which modern racism manifests itself?

Accepted Answer

Swim et al. (1995) identified three main ways in which modern racism manifests itself.

Question 4

A stereotype is described in the text as which component of prejudice?

Accepted Answer

Stereotype is a cognitive component of prejudice as it involves the formation of beliefs and expectations about a group of people.

Question 5

Which of these reasons for stereotypes differing in accuracy is not given in the text?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these reasons for stereotypes differing...

Question 6

Cunningham et al. (2001) developed which test?

Accepted Answer

Cunningham et al. (2001) developed the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures implicit biases or unconscious attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes towards different social groups. The IAT measures the strength of associations between concepts (e.g., Black or White faces) and evaluations (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant) and has been widely used in research on diversity and social psychology. The other answer choices are not related to Cunningham's research.

Question 7

Cunningham et al. (2001) found that reaction times were faster for the condition in which white faces and black faces were paired with which types of words, respectively?

Accepted Answer

Cunningham et al. (2001) found that reaction times were faster when white faces were paired with good words and black faces were paired with bad words. This suggests that participants had implicit biases towards associating positive words with white individuals and negative words with black individuals.

Question 8

One of the major functions of stereotypes identified in the text is to reduce which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes help reduce processing effort by allowing people to quickly categorize and make assumptions about individuals based on group membership, rather than having to spend time and effort getting to know each individual.

Question 9

Adorno et al. (1950) claimed that individuals with which type of personality are the ones most likely to be prejudiced?

Accepted Answer

Adorno et al. (1950) claimed that individuals with an authoritarian personality are the ones most likely to be prejudiced. This personality type is characterized by a strict adherence to conventional values, submissiveness to authority, and a tendency towards aggression towards those who are perceived as different.

Question 10

The statement, "Most of our social problems would be solved if we could somehow get rid of the immoral, crooked, and feeble-minded people," is an item on a scale developed by Adorno et al. (1950) that goes by which name?

Accepted Answer

The statement is part of the F-scale, developed by Adorno et al. to measure authoritarian personality traits, including prejudice and rigid thinking.

Question 11

Which personality trait studied by Adorno et al.'s (1950) scale most precisely relates to being intolerant of behaviour that is "wrong" in any way?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which personality trait studied by Adorno et...

Question 12

Sherif's (1966) theory suggested that prejudice arises specifically when two groups:

Accepted Answer

Sherif's theory suggests that prejudice arises when two groups compete for the same goal.

Question 13

The Eagles and the Rattlers were two groups in a study reported by Sherif et al. (1961) that was called:

Accepted Answer

The study mentioned involving the Eagles and the Rattlers was called the Robbers Cave experiment conducted by Sherif et al. in 1961. The experiment explored the dynamics of group conflict and intergroup relations.

Question 14

Tyerman and Spencer (1983) argued that what factor can protect groups from prejudice?

Accepted Answer

Tyerman and Spencer (1983) argued that pre-existing friendship can protect groups from prejudice as individuals who share a close relationship are less likely to have negative attitudes towards each other.

Question 15

According to social identity theory prejudice is a result of our:

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory proposes that people tend to have a preference for their own group (in-group) rather than other groups (out-group), which leads to in-group bias and prejudice against the out-group. Therefore, choice A, in-group bias, is the best answer. Learned identity (B), rivalry with other groups (C), social identity (D), and group dynamics (E) may all contribute to prejudice but are not the primary focus of social identity theory.

Question 16

In contrast to the predictions of social identity theory, Mullen et al. (1992) found that members of poorly regarded minority groups displayed what towards more highly regarded outgroups?

Accepted Answer

Mullen et al. (1992) found that members of poorly regarded minority groups displayed favouritism towards more highly regarded outgroups, which contrasts with the predictions of social identity theory that suggests individuals would show favoritism towards their in-group.

Question 17

According to Allport's (1954) hypothesis, which of the following was NOT suggested as a requirement to successfully reduce prejudice through increased social contact?

Accepted Answer

Allport's hypothesis suggests that increased social contact between two groups can help reduce prejudice, but there is no requirement for a formal apology from both groups. The other options listed (B, C, D, and E) are all suggested requirements for successful reduction of prejudice through increased social contact.

Question 18

Tropp and Pettigrew's (2005) review revealed that the beneficial effects of intergroup contact on reducing prejudice were:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tropp and Pettigrew's (2005) review revealed that...

Question 19

Recategorisation is associated with which approach according to Hahn et al. (2015)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recategorisation is associated with which approach according...

Question 20

Which of these were not found by White et al. (2014) in their dual-identity recategorisation study?

Accepted Answer

This option suggests that the study by White et al. (2014) faced issues with retaining participants, which could have made it difficult to draw reliable conclusions from the data. However, without access to the specific study, I cannot confirm this with certainty. The other options (a, b, c, and d) describe positive outcomes that are typically associated with successful interventions in prejudice reduction studies, such as a reduction in prejudice, maintenance of reduced prejudice over time, stronger evidence of reduced prejudice in one group compared to another, and the role of reduced anxiety and friendship formation in supporting prejudice reduction. These outcomes are likely to be the findings that White et al. (2014) did observe in their study, assuming the study was successful and the interventions were effective.

Quiz 13: Prejudice and Discrimination