Question 1

Most children label themselves accurately as male or female by which age (in years)?

Accepted Answer

Most children can accurately label themselves as male or female by the age of 2 years. This is part of early gender identity development.

Question 2

An individual's awareness off being male or female is the technical definition of:

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to an individual's own subjective sense and experience of being male, female, or something else. It is different from biological sex (which is determined by genitalia and chromosomes) and from gender (which refers to the social and cultural roles and expectations associated with being male or female). Gender identity can be consistent or inconsistent with one's biological sex or gender roles. Therefore, the best choice is C - Gender identity.

Question 3

According to Egan and Perry (2001) gender identity involves all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

At what age (in years) does gender segregation at play typically begin?

Accepted Answer

Gender segregation in play typically begins around the age of 3, when children start to understand and categorize gender.

Question 5

Why do some argue that gender dysphoria should be removed from DSM-5?

Accepted Answer

Some argue that gender dysphoria should be removed from the DSM-5 because it is not a mental disorder. They believe that it is a natural variation of human experience and should not be pathologized.

Question 6

Which person put forward the gender similarities hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The gender similarities hypothesis was put forward by Janet Hyde, a psychology professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, in 2005. It suggests that men and women are more similar than they are different in terms of cognitive, social, and personality traits.

Question 7

What percentage of gender differences are small or very small?

Accepted Answer

Research in psychology often finds that around 85% of gender differences are small or very small, indicating that most differences between genders are not substantial.

Question 8

Which of the following supposed sex differences is NOT backed up by at least a small statistical tendency across the available literature?

Accepted Answer

Girls tend to score lower than boys on surgency.

Question 9

According to Schmitt et al.'s (2008) cross-cultural study on adult personality, there was a small overall tendency for women to be higher than men on all the following traits EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

According to Schmitt et al.'s study, women had a small overall tendency to score higher than men on extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. However, there was no difference in assertiveness between men and women.

Question 10

Which researchers are most associated with the social cognitive theory of gender development?

Accepted Answer

Bussey and Bandura are most associated with the social cognitive theory of gender development. They emphasized the role of cognitive processes, observational learning, and environmental influences in shaping gender development.

Question 11

Which of the following terms best describes how a child learns about sex-typed behaviour by discovering the outcomes resulting from its actions?

Accepted Answer

Enactive experience refers to learning through feedback gained from one's own actions or experiences. In the context of sex-typed behaviour, a child may learn what is considered appropriate or typical for their gender by receiving positive or negative outcomes based on their actions. For example, a young boy who is praised for being rough and adventurous, may learn that this behaviour is expected of males while a young girl who is scolded for playing with "boy toys" may learn that such behaviour is not acceptable for females.

Question 12

Self-socialisation theory developed most directly out of which other theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Self-socialisation theory developed most directly out of...

Question 13

According to Martin et al. (1990), at what age (in years) do children start linking together the different kinds of information they possess about their own gender, having reached Stage 2:

Accepted Answer

According to Martin et al. (1990), children start linking together the different kinds of information they possess about their own gender, having reached Stage 2 at around 4 to 5 years of age.

Question 14

Which of the following findings comes from an experimental manipulation detailed in the text?

Accepted Answer

The text states that in an experimental manipulation, children spend more time playing with objects they had been told were appropriate to their gender. This is supported by research findings. A, C, D, and E are mentioned in the text, but they do not come from an experimental manipulation.

Question 15

Biologically male children who have what appear to be female genitals until puberty are referred to as Guevedoces in which country?

Accepted Answer

Guevedoces are primarily found in the Dominican Republic.

Question 16

An inherited disorder that causes the levels of male sex hormones in foetuses of both sexes to be unusually high is most related to which gland?

Accepted Answer

The adrenal gland is responsible for producing sex hormones such as testosterone. If there is a genetic disorder that causes excessive production of these hormones, it is likely related to dysfunction of the adrenal gland.

Question 17

According to the data reported in the text, all of the following tend to be true of females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, who were exposed to unusually high levels of male sex hormones in the foetal state, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are exposed to higher levels of male sex hormones in utero, which can influence their behaviors and preferences in ways that align more closely with male stereotypes, such as a non-heterosexual orientation, preference for boys' toys, choosing male-dominant professions, and liking rough sports. However, there is no evidence to suggest that these preferences are due to parental encouragement to play with boys' toys. Instead, these tendencies are more directly related to the hormonal influences experienced prenatally.

Question 18

What according to Berenbaum (2018) are the preferences of females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia predominantly shaped by?

Accepted Answer

According to Berenbaum (2018), the preferences of females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are predominantly shaped by the interaction of biological factors and social experiences.

Question 19

What percentage of identical twins were found by Heyens et al. (2012) to be concordant for gender incongruence?

Accepted Answer

Heyens et al. (2012) found that 39% of identical twins were concordant for gender incongruence. This means that both twins in the pair identified as transgender or non-binary. The correct choice is B (0.39).

Question 20

Which aspect of parental attitudes has been linked to gender incongruence?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that parental rejection or disapproval of a child's gender expression or identity is a significant factor in the development of gender incongruence. Children who experience rejection or negative attitudes from parents are more likely to experience gender dysphoria or identify as transgender.

Quiz 11: Sex and Gender

Most children label themselves accurately as male or female by which age (in years) ?