Question 1

William James distinguished primary from secondary memory on the basis that

Accepted Answer

William James distinguished primary memory (also known as short-term memory) from secondary memory (also known as long-term memory) on the basis that the contents of primary memory are held in conscious awareness for a brief period of time (usually around 20-30 seconds), while the contents of secondary memory can be retrieved and brought back into conscious awareness at a later time. James did not differentiate between meaningful and meaningless items in either type of memory.

Question 2

Neath and Nairne (1995) argue that the WM theory is invalid because the data supporting it

Accepted Answer

Neath and Nairne argue that the data supporting WM theory can be explained by a single-store feature model, which means that there is no need for a separate mechanism (i.e., WM).

Question 3

Brockmole and Logie (2013) reported that WM scores tend to reach a peak at the age of

Accepted Answer

Brockmole and Logie (2013) reported that WM scores tend to reach a peak at around 20 years of age.

Question 4

Brain imaging studies show that central executive functions involve activation of

Accepted Answer

Brain imaging studies have consistently shown that the central executive functions involve activation of both the prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for working memory, attentional control, and decision-making, while the parietal cortex is involved in spatial orientation, perception, and attention. Therefore, the best choice is D, which includes both the prefrontal and parietal cortices.

Question 5

fMRI imaging studies carried out by Oztekin et al. (2010) suggest that

Accepted Answer

According to Oztekin et al. (2010), fMRI imaging studies suggest that retrieval from working memory (WM) and storage memory (SM) involve similar temporal lobe activation patterns.

Question 6

Describe the Dual-Store Model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the Dual-Store Model of memory (Atkinson...

Question 7

Describe Primacy and Recency Effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe Primacy and Recency Effect....

Question 8

How many items can be held in short-term memory? What strategy allows one to increase this number?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How many items can be held in...

Question 9

Define Working Memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define Working Memory....

Question 10

List and define the component parts of Working Memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and define the component parts of...

Question 11

List and define the components of the Phonological Loop and Visuo-spatial Sketchpad.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and define the components of the...

Question 12

List and define the 3 main functions of the Central Executive.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and define the 3 main functions...

Question 13

How does measuring individual differences in working memory performance help us predict cognitive abilities, ability to control one's diet, weight, likelihood of committing an act of infidelity, and propensity for expressing racial prejudice?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does measuring individual differences in working...

Question 14

Miyake and Friedman (2012) report that measures of central executive performance

Accepted Answer

Miyake and Friedman (2012) report that measures of central executive performance predict control of diet and weight.

Question 15

Kane and Engle (2002) found that performance on complex STM span tasks

Accepted Answer

Kane and Engle (2002) found that performance on complex STM span tasks predicts language comprehension scores and academic performance.

Question 16

Controlled attention theory (Cowan 2005) proposes that

Accepted Answer

The controlled attention theory proposes that working memory involves the temporary activation of a limited amount of information from long-term memory, which is what allows us to maintain and manipulate information in the short-term. This is why choice A, "working memory consists of the temporary activation of a part of the storage memory" is the best answer.

Question 17

According to Glanzer and Cunitz (1966), the recency effect disappears when

Accepted Answer

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) found that the recency effect disappears when a filled time interval is introduced, meaning that there is a delay between the last item and the time of recall. This suggests that the recency effect is due to short-term memory, which fades quickly without rehearsal, and is therefore not available when recall is delayed. The other answer choices are not supported by the study.

Question 18

Studies of organic amnesics such as CW have suggested that

Accepted Answer

Studies on organic amnesics such as CW suggest that without rehearsal, short-term memory (STM) lasts for about 7 seconds.

Question 19

Cowan (2010) used the running memory task to suggest that the STM has a storage capacity of

Accepted Answer

Cowan (2010) suggested that the storage capacity of short-term memory (STM) is about 4 items, challenging the older view of 7 ± 2 items proposed by Miller (1956).

Question 20

Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed the working memory (WM) to replace the previous concept of

Accepted Answer

Baddeley and Hitch proposed the working memory model to replace the previously held concept of short-term memory, as they believed that memory was not simply a passive store holding information temporarily, but rather an active process involving manipulation and updating of information.

Quiz 5: Short-Term Memory