Question 1

Unlike the Enlightenment's "Newton's of the Mind", the Romantics' conception of the Will was captured in the phrase, ____________.

Accepted Answer

The Romantics saw the Will as an untamed force that was closely tied to emotions and passions. They believed that it could not be controlled by reason alone, and that it must be allowed to express itself freely in order to achieve true art and beauty. This is captured in the phrase "The Will is a wild beast."

Question 2

In his treatment of association of ideas, J. S. Mill introduced the idea of ________, that ideas can so combine that they lose their individual identities and produce an experience with different, emergent, properties:

Accepted Answer

J. S. Mill introduced the idea of "mental chemistry" in his treatment of association of ideas, which refers to the combination of ideas in a way that they lose their individual identities and produce an experience with emergent properties.

Question 3

Many of the founders of psychology viewed the mind in the spirit of Romanticism. Which of the following has some aspect of Romanticism in their work?

Accepted Answer

All three of these founders of psychology incorporated aspects of Romanticism in their work. Freud emphasized the importance of emotions and the unconscious mind, which are both central themes in Romanticism. James emphasized personal experience and individual differences, which align with Romantic ideas of individualism and subjective experience. Wundt, while considered a structuralist, emphasized introspection as a tool for exploring the inner workings of the mind, which reflects the Romantic view of the mind as a mysterious and complex entity.

Question 4

In the nineteenth century, the first social scientists argued about the proper goals and methods of their fields. John Stuart Mill proposed that the social sciences should:

Accepted Answer

John Stuart Mill proposed that social sciences should apply the methods and share the goals of the natural sciences. He believed that social sciences should be based on empirical and scientific evidence, rather than subjective observations or personal opinions. This idea has been influential in the development of modern social science research methods.

Question 5

When it comes to discussing how society develops, which of the following was most likely to have said, "Just as too much pruning and shaping can kill a tree, so scientific planning can kill a culture".

Accepted Answer

The quote "Just as too much pruning and shaping can kill a tree, so scientific planning can kill a culture" does not directly align with the core beliefs of Romantics, Positivism, or Mesmerism. 
a. Romantics were a group of thinkers and artists in the 18th and 19th centuries who emphasized emotion, individualism, and the glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. They might have agreed with the sentiment of the quote as they often valued spontaneous or natural beauty over artificial or constructed environments, but the quote does not specifically reflect their literary or philosophical style.
b. Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences. Positivists typically believe in the power of science to improve society, so they would be less likely to agree with the idea that scientific planning could kill a culture.
c. Mesmerism, also known as animal magnetism, was a practice developed in the 18th century by Franz Mesmer that claimed to use a form of energy or magnetic waves to cure people of various ailments. It does not directly deal with societal development or the impact of scientific planning on culture.
The quote seems to express a caution against over-managing or over-planning, which could be a sentiment expressed by individuals or thinkers who are critical of the effects of rationalization or scientific management on culture and society. It could be attributed to a more general philosophical or sociological skepticism about the role of science and technology in society, but it does not specifically belong to any of the listed ideologies.

Question 6

According to Comte the final stage of human history was the scientific stage. Here a new science would rule over society called:

Accepted Answer

According to Comte, the final stage of human history is the scientific stage, where society would be ruled by a new science called sociology. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 7

Early French, German, and English psychologists argued over whether psychology should be a genuine positive science of individuals or something different. Although Comte wanted psychology to _________ he also wanted psychology to _____ with the latter being in opposition to the views of many German psychologists of the time.

Accepted Answer

Comte wanted psychology to be a genuine positivistic science and also to be socially useful, which was in opposition to the views of many German psychologists of the time who believed that psychology should study the soul or be metaphysical. Choice A is partially correct, but it doesn't include the emphasis on positivism that Comte promoted. Choice D is completely irrelevant and incorrect.

Question 8

Which of the following physicists advocated for positivism as a fundamental philosophy for science and as an anti-realist reportedly said, "Have you ever seen one?" while debating the legitimacy of atoms?

Accepted Answer

Ernst Mach was a physicist who advocated for positivism and anti-realism in science. He famously debated the existence of atoms and reportedly asked his opponents, "Have you ever seen one?" in reference to the inability to directly observe atoms.

Question 9

In his Radical Behaviorism Skinner argued that references to any unobservable "mental" processes were illegitimate metaphysics and not science. In many ways, Skinner applied ________ vision of psychology to his theory of behaviorism.

Accepted Answer

Skinner's approach to psychology was heavily influenced by the positivist philosophy of Auguste Comte, who argued for the importance of only studying observable phenomena. Skinner's rejection of unobservable mental processes in favor of observable behavior aligns with Comte's vision of a science grounded in empiricism and observation.

Question 10

Mesmer explained the phenomena he discovered in terms of:

Accepted Answer

Franz Mesmer attributed the phenomena he observed and worked with to the manipulation of a universal fluid he believed existed, which he termed "animal magnetism." This concept was central to his theory and practice, suggesting that health was influenced by the flow of this fluid in the body, and that imbalances could be corrected through his techniques.

Question 11

Eventually Mesmer's claim that his patients trance was the result of animal magnetism was investigated. As a result a simpler explanation was found. As a result, Mesmerism was transformed into ________.

Accepted Answer

Mesmerism was transformed into hypnotism when a simpler explanation was found for his patients' trance-like states.

Question 12

What Frederic Myers once studied was known as Psychical research. Today it is known as __________ and makes most psychologists uncomfortable.

Accepted Answer

Psychical research, as it was known in Frederic Myers' time, is now referred to as parapsychology. This field of study aims to investigate paranormal and psychic phenomena, which some psychologists do not believe have a scientific basis.

Question 13

The idea that psychology should and could be a science gained ground in the 19^th century for two reasons. One was:

Accepted Answer

Both advances in physiology and the development of methods to study and experiment on the mind, as well as bringing consciousness into the lab to be studied, were instrumental in the idea that psychology should and could be a science.

Question 14

________________ attempted to link the mental process of association to underlying physiological laws.

Accepted Answer

David Hartley attempted to link the mental process of association to underlying physiological laws, through his work "Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations".

Question 15

Franz Gall is regarded by many to be the founder of _____________.

Accepted Answer

Franz Gall is not considered the founder of social psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, or career counseling. Instead, he is primarily known for developing phrenology, a debunked theory that claimed that personality traits and mental abilities could be determined by the shape and size of a person's skull.

Question 16

Although not always correct, Franz Gall is regarded by many to be the founder of cognitive neuroscience, because he was the first to seriously propose the idea that the brain _______.

Accepted Answer

Franz Gall proposed the idea that the brain is the seat of the soul, which laid the foundation for cognitive neuroscience, even though this notion is no longer scientifically supported.

Question 17

Many 19^th century intellectuals became involved in psychical research because:

Accepted Answer

Many 19th and 20th century intellectuals, who were interested in exploring the mysteries of the mind, became involved in psychical research in order to understand the existence and survival of human soul. They believed that empirical evidence supporting the existence of human soul and its survival could be found through studying psychic phenomena.

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT one of the innovations of Gall's phrenology?

Accepted Answer

Phrenology, developed by Franz Joseph Gall, did not include the experimental control of introspection as one of its innovations. Instead, it focused on the study of individual differences, the emphasis on behavior, and the development of theories about the mind based on findings about the brain. Experimental control of introspection is more closely associated with later psychological methods rather than Gall's phrenology.

Question 19

Franz Joseph Gall's psychology was the first to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Franz Joseph Gall's psychology was the first...

Question 20

In contrast to Gall's ideas about the brain's hemispheres, his critic Flourens argued:

Accepted Answer

Flourens believed in the concept of mass action, which states that the entire cerebrum works as a unit for complex mental processes like thought, and not individual parts of the brain.

Quiz 7: The Ascent of Science 1815-1914