Question 1

Dimi has just taken a reaction time test in which she was asked to categorize positive and negative words and then pictures of male and female faces as quickly as possible. Unbeknownst to Dimi, her unconscious prejudices have just been assessed. It is likely that Dimi just completed a(n) _______ measure.

Accepted Answer

The mention of "unconscious prejudices" suggests that Dimi has completed an implicit measure, which assesses attitudes and beliefs that a person may not be aware of or may be unwilling to report. Controlled measures involve deliberately testing specific hypotheses, while checklists and explicit measures involve self-report and conscious reflection.

Question 2

Imagine meeting someone warm and friendly from Group X - a group that you generally think of as made up of snobby and unfriendly individuals. According to research by Hamilton and Rose (1980), what will you later recall if someone asks you about Group X?

Accepted Answer

Hamilton and Rose (1980) found that people tend to remember information that is consistent with their existing stereotypes. Therefore, if you generally think of Group X as snobby and unfriendly, you are more likely to recall them as such, even after a positive encounter.

Question 3

In a study by Sagar and Schofield (1980), schoolchildren viewed pictures of Black and White children behaving in ambiguously aggressive ways. The schoolchildren later perceived the behaviors performed by Black children to be more mean and threatening than the same behaviors performed by White children. This study shows that:

Accepted Answer

The study shows that stereotypes influence the perception and interpretation of behavior. This suggests that people may unconsciously apply preconceived ideas about certain groups to their perceptions and judgments of individuals, even when those perceptions are inaccurate.

Question 4

Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy in the classroom shows that teachers will give some students a lot of attention and give them more opportunities to answer questions in class. Research shows that:

Accepted Answer

Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy in the classroom shows that teachers' expectations influence their behavior towards certain students. Teachers give some students a lot of attention and give them more opportunities to answer questions in class. Studies also found that these students are likely to be male and White, and that teachers have high expectations for them.

Question 5

Julie, a well-qualified Black female, is applying for a job and she is being interviewed by a White male. Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy shows that Julie may have which of the following experiences at her job interview?

Accepted Answer

The self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that the way an individual is perceived can impact how they perform or behave. In this scenario, if the interviewer has biased beliefs about Black individuals, they may spend less time with Julie, ask her fewer questions or pay less attention to her responses, ultimately leading to a negative interview experience.

Question 6

The idea that bringing groups of people together will decrease stereotyping and prejudice is known as:

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis is the belief that bringing groups of people together will decrease stereotyping and prejudice by increasing familiarity and understanding between different groups. Research has shown that this can be an effective method for reducing prejudice in certain circumstances.

Question 7

The process whereby stereotypes of a group are changed after meeting only one counterstereotypical individual is called ______ .

Accepted Answer

Conversion refers to the process where a stereotype is changed or significantly altered after encountering a single individual who contradicts the stereotype.

Question 8

Susan's grandfather has very traditional values. He believes that a woman's place is in the home, not in the workforce. Later in her own life, Susan has remained unmarried, she has started her own successful business, and her grandfather says he is proud of her. When Susan tries to use herself as an example of why her grandfather should change his mind about the role of women in society, he just pats her on the shoulder and says ""You are the exception my dear."" Susan's grandfather is engaging

Accepted Answer

Susan's grandfather is engaging in subtyping, which is the process of creating a new stereotype or category to account for individuals or groups of individuals who do not fit an existing stereotype. He sees Susan as an exception to his traditional beliefs about women and creates a new category for her, rather than changing his overall belief.

Question 9

According to the research on subtyping described in your text, what happens when perceivers encounter a couple individuals who are completely counterstereotypical?

Accepted Answer

According to the research on subtyping, when perceivers encounter a couple of individuals who are completely counterstereotypical, they will be subtyped and the overall stereotype will not change. This means that perceivers may acknowledge that these individuals do not fit the stereotype, but they will still continue to hold onto their beliefs about the group as a whole. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 10

The contrast effect is most likely to occur when:

Accepted Answer

The contrast effect occurs when we see stereotype-disconfirming individuals as exceptional people, different from others in their group. This contrast can make us overestimate the differences between the individuals and their group, leading to distorted perceptions and judgments.

Question 11

Participants in a study by Blair, Ma and Lenton (2001) were asked to form a mental image of a strong woman. The results of this study showed the power of _______ to decrease stereotypes.

Accepted Answer

The study showed that providing participants with a mental image of a strong woman that did not conform to traditional gender stereotypes (counterstereotypic information) decreased their reliance on gender stereotypes. This suggests that counterstereotypic information can be powerful in reducing stereotypes. The other options (distinctiveness information, illusory correlation, and self-fulfilling prophecy) do not relate to the study's findings about how to decrease stereotypes.

Question 12

In research by Harber (1998), White college students read essays that were filled with errors and were then asked to give feedback to the author of the essay. The results showed that:

Accepted Answer

The research found that participants gave more positive feedback to Black authors, likely due to a phenomenon known as "positive feedback bias," where individuals may give more positive feedback to members of marginalized groups to avoid appearing prejudiced.

Question 13

If a heterosexual participant takes the IAT and her score reveals that she has a strong preference for heterosexuals as opposed to homosexuals, which of the following might explain these results?

Accepted Answer

The IAT (Implicit Association Test) measures automatic associations and can reflect a combination of personal beliefs, societal influences, and recent experiences, making all the provided options plausible explanations for the results.

Question 14

Research has shown that ______ measures predict one's nonverbal behavior in an interracial interaction and that ______ measures predict one's overt behavior toward an individual of a different race.

Accepted Answer

Implicit measures predict one's nonverbal behavior in an interracial interaction because they tap into unconscious biases and attitudes, whereas explicit measures, which assess consciously held beliefs and attitudes, predict one's overt behavior toward an individual of a different race.

Question 15

Research on people's ability to quickly identify guns vs. non-guns has shown that:

Accepted Answer

This is known as the "shooter bias" and has been demonstrated in multiple studies. It reflects a tendency for individuals to be quicker to perceive Black targets as threatening and more likely to shoot unarmed Black targets compared to unarmed White targets.

Question 16

Which of the following people will be most likely to use their stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

When people are under time pressure or stress, like Marissa who is running late, they are more likely to rely on stereotypes as cognitive shortcuts.

Question 17

We are all part of many social groups and can be categorized in a number of different ways. Research on intersectionality shows that:

Accepted Answer

Intersectionality research indicates that stereotypes of national groups often align with stereotypes of men from those groups, reflecting a male-centric view.

Question 18

Macrae et al.'s (1994) study on stereotype suppression found which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Macrae et al.'s study found that participants who were initially asked to suppress their stereotypes later exhibited a rebound effect, sitting further away from a skinhead, indicating that suppression can lead to an increase in stereotypical behavior once the suppression is lifted.

Question 19

Pam has a crush on her Math teacher, who she considers to be quite attractive. When she meets with him during office hours this often distracts her so that she has to work hard to suppress exactly how good-looking he is. Research by Macrae et al. (1994) on stereotype rebound suggests that if Pam unexpectedly runs into her Math teacher on campus after she's met with him she will likely:

Accepted Answer

Research by Macrae et al. (1994) on stereotype rebound suggests that efforts to suppress thoughts can lead to those thoughts becoming more prominent later, so Pam is likely to become even more aware of her attraction if she runs into her teacher unexpectedly.

Question 20

Individuals who are ______ on internal motivation to control prejudice and ______ on external motivation to control prejudice are better able to control their stereotype use.

Accepted Answer

Individuals who are high on internal motivation to control prejudice are more likely to actively monitor and regulate their own thoughts and actions for any potential biased attitudes or behaviors. On the other hand, individuals who are high on external motivation to control prejudice may only control their prejudice when they perceive social pressure to do so, otherwise they may revert to their biased attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, individuals who are high on both internal and external motivation to control prejudice may not be as effective at controlling their stereotype use as those who are only high on internal motivation. This leaves option C, where individuals are high on internal motivation but low on external motivation, as the best choice for being more effective at controlling their stereotype use.

Quiz 5: Perceiving Groups

Imagine meeting someone warm and friendly from Group X - a group that you generally think of as made up of snobby and unfriendly individuals. According to research by Hamilton and Rose (1980) , what will you later recall if someone asks you about Group X?